Вариант 4

I. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните Participle I и Participle II и установите функции каждого из них, т.е. укажите, является ли оно определением, обстоя­тельством или частью глагола-сказуемого. Переведите пре­дложения на русский язык

1. Natural rubber is a thermoplastic material that becomes soft when heated and hard when cooled.

2. Matter composed of any chemical combination of elements is called a compound.

3. The smallest particle having all the characteristics of an el­ement is called an atom.

4. While bombarding the upper layers of the atmosphere, cosmic rays reach the surface of the earth.

II. Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык

I think the drawing will be ready by tomorrow.

1. The subjects the students study in the first and second years are very important for their future speciality.

2. The kind of house they built depended upon the climate.

4. Salt is the mineral we obtain out of sea water.

III. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на различные значения AS

1. The St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences was established as early as 1725.

2. Through television we can see events as well as hear pro­grammes even if they take place many kilometres away.

3. Аs the idea was false, it wаs rejected.

4. As a result of the universal gravitation every thing on or near the surface of the earth is attracted toward the earth with a force that we call weight.

IV. Translate the sentences

1. The engineers were interested in testing the engine in various conditions.

2. One cannot transform water into steam without heating it.

3. The experimenter suggested purifying the solution by a new method.

4. The engineers were interested in testing the engine in various conditions.

5. Fineness of grinding is important in producing cement of good quality.

V. Прочтите и переведите текст

PORTLAND CEMENT

Manufacture of Portland cement consists of quarrying, crushing, rock storage, grinding, mixing, calcining, cooling and grinding the clinker, adding retarder (raw gypsum) to delay time of set and packing. The clinker, which is pulverized, consists essentially of calcium silicates and is produced by calcining the raw materials to incipient fusion in rotary kilns.

Two processes are used in treating raw materials before calcination. In the dry process the raw materials are placed in rotary driers before being ground and mixed, in the wet process - the materials are ground and mixed wet.

With modern equipment the same chemical control can be attained by either process. If one of the raw materials is wet, such as marl or clay, the wet process is more economical because drying the materials is more expensive than burning wet materials. Grinding of raw materials is performed in two stages. Fineness of grinding is important in producing a cement of good quality.

Cement is now used for a great variety of purposes. It is used for all big structural buildings, engineering works, docks, bridges, roads, water towers, etc. Very considerable developments have also been made in the use of cement for ornamental work, including not only that required for buildings, but sculptural work of all description, both large and small.

VI. Прочтите 3 абзац текста и ответьте на следующий вопрос:

What processes are used in treating raw materials before calcinations?