1. The Verb. Perfect Tenses.

2. The Preposition.

3. The Noun. The category of number.

4. Segmental and suprasegmental units of the language.

5. Definition of a word. Notional words.

6. The Stative. The Particle. Modal words and modal verbs.

7. The nature of language. Constituent parts of language.

8. Participle II.

9. Syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations in the language.

10.The Pronoun. The Numeral.

11.Types of grammatical categories.

12.Communicative types of sentences.

13. Correlation between formal and functional aspects of morphemes.

14. The Verb. Verbals. The Adverb.

15. Grammatical meaning, classes and categories.

16. The Adjective. Degrees of comparison.

17. The Verb. The category of tense.

18. The Verb. The category of voice.

19. Different types of morphemes.

20.The Phrase. Types of phrases.

21.The Verb. Voice.

22.Complex sentences. Types of clauses.

23.The Article. Controversial views on its nature.

24.The Sentence. Classification of sentences. Types of sentences.

25.The Verb. The category of mood.

26.The Verb. Aspect. The category of aspect.

27. A simple sentence. Logical-grammatical structure. The immediate constituents of a sentence. A kernel sentence.

28. The Adjective. Substantivization of Adjectives. Adjectivization of Nouns.

29. Functional sentence perspective.

30. The Noun: The category of case.

31.Types of oppositions.

32.The Conjunction.

33.The Main parts of a sentence.

34. The Paradigmatic structure of a sentence.

35. Composite sentences.

36. Semi – compound sentences.

37. Compound sentences.

38. The place of grammar in the system of language. The two planes of the language.

39. A complex sentence.

40. The Morphemic composition of modern English words.

1. The verb. The Perfect

Verb is a part of speech with grammatical meaning of process, action. Verb performs the central role of the predicative function of the sentence. The verb is characterised by an elaborate system of morphological categories, some of which are, however, controversial. These are: tense, aspect, mood, voice, person, and number.

The Perfect.There are various views on the essence of the perfect forms:

1.The category of perfect is a peculiar tense category (should be classed as the categories “present”,”past”)

2.The cat. of perfect is a peculiar aspect category (should be given a place in the list comprising “common aspect” and “contin. aspect”)

3.The cat. of perfect is neither one of tense, nor one of aspect, but a specific category different from both. Correlative terms of “non-perf” and “perf”. If this view is taken, the system of verbal categories is based on 3 groups of notions:

1)tense (present, future, past),2)aspect (common, contin.),3)correlation (non-perf, perf).

Uses of the perfect forms.

1. the lexical meaning of the verb; He has broken the cup (change in the state of the object  result).

2. the tense category of the f-m; The present perfect form may produce the meaning of a result to be seen at the moment of the speech. The past perfect would mean that the result was there at a certain moment in the past.

3. the syntactical context (simple/complex sentence, main/subordinate clause) and 1 extralinguistic factor.

4. the situation in which the perfect form is used.

2. The preposition (Pr)

Meaning. Prepositions show relationships in time & space & relationships between ideas. Form: prepositions are invariable. Function. Prepositions enter into phrases where they are preceded by a noun, adjective, numeral, stative, verb or adverb, and followed by a noun, adjective, numeral or pronoun. In a sentence a preposition is not a separate part of it. It goes together with the following word to form an object, adverbial modifier, predicative or attribute, and in extremely rare cases a subject.

c)Syntactical function: level of phrases (the function of Prs is to connect words with each other.) and sentence level (Prs connect parts of a sentence).

The connection b-n the Pr and the word which precedes it, and the word which follows it requires special study. Syntactically the boundary line b-n a Pr. and another part of speech isn’t quite clear. In some phrases, which aren’t part of a sentence, a Pr doesn’t connect 2 words, because there’s no word at all before it (title: “Under the Greenwood Tree”). The Pr expresses a relation b-n the thing expressed by the noun and smth not mentioned in text (“To a Skylark”) or it gives the characteristic of the place where smth not specific takes place (“Under…”). 2 prepositions close to each other in different contexts

e.g. The cat stretched its paw from under the table

Prs can sometimes be followed by adverbs which become partly substantivized (from there, since then). A Pr doesn’t necessarily connect the word which immediately precedes it with the one that follows (such cases are frequent).

There are groups of words whose meaning and functions in the sentence are the same as those of prepositions (out of, as for, in spite of, as for).