2.5. Вивчення тексту за фахом. Комп’ютерна пам'ять. Сучасність

Тема	Hardware: output devises
Граматика	Активний і пасивний стан дієслова.

Вправа 1

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What foreign language do

“Computer memory”.

Computer storage

The terms "storage" (U.K.) or "memory" (U.S.) refer to the parts of a digital computer that retain physical state (data) for some interval of time, possibly even after electrical power to the computer is turned off. The anthropomorphic term memory has been used in the U.S. ever since the 20th century.

Different types and different purposes

There are many ways in which types of memory (fast access) or storage (slower access) can be categorised. These include the following technologies:

• primary access from the CPU or secondary (indirect) access by the CPU, which was based primarily on speed of access to the memory.

• volatile or non-volatile, which is based on the technology (magnetic vs. electrical, etc.)

• read-only memory, WORM, or read-write, again based on technology.

• Random-Access or Sequential-Access, which is based on the mechanism of reading the memory.

• Mutable vs. Immutable storage

• Block or File access

• media categories, e.g., semiconductor storage, optical storage,phase change,magneto-optical storage, and magnetic storage, which is mainly disk-based, rather than memory-based.

Historically, "memory" referred to "magnetic core memory" in the 1950s, and then to semiconductor-based storage in the 1970s, at a time when the fastest response times were for magnetic core, and then for semiconductor memory, respectively. The evolution of usage can be glimpsed in the history of computing hardware, as the costs of the various technologies declined.

Primary vs. Secondary Storage

In traditional parlance, primary storage contains data that are actively being used (for example, the programs currently being run and the data they are operating on). It is typically high-speed, relatively small, is often (but not always) volatile. It is sometimes referred to as "Main Memory."It can be accessed immediately and randomly.

Secondary storage, also known as peripheral storage, is where the computer stores information that is not necessarily in current use. It is typically slower and higher-capacity than primary storage. It is almost always non-volatile.It is slow due to serial access(thus it is also termed Serial Access Memory).

Confusingly, these terms are often used differently. Primary storage can be used to refer to local random-access disk storage, which should properly be called secondary storage. If this type of storage is called primary storage, then the term secondary storage would refer to offline, sequential-access storage like tape media.

A list of storage devices

• Semiconductor Memory:

  • EPROM

  • Flash memory

  • NVRAM

  • RAM

  • ROM

  • VRAM

• Cache memory

• Core memory aka Ferrite core memory

• Core rope memory

• Delay line memory

• Magnetic Disk:

  • Floppy disk

  • Hard disk

• Magneto Optical

• Optical Media:

  • PD

  • CD-R

  • CD-ROM

  • CD-RW

  • DVD-RAM

  • DVD-ROM

• Magnetic tape

• Holographic memory

• Bubble memory

• Magnetic drum

• Memory stick

• Mylar® tape

• Paper tape

• Punch card

• Selectron tube

• Smartdisk

• Thin film memory

• Williams tube

• Zip drive