Майбутній час у минулому

(Future-in-the-Past)

Future-in-the-Past означає дію у майбутньому з точки зору минулого

Future Indefinite-in-the-Past	He wanted to know what time she would be back home. Йому хотілося дізнатися, коли вона повернеться додому.
Future Continuous-in-the-Past	I thought they would be staying in this town. Я думала, що вони будуть жити в цьому місті.
Future Perfect-in-the-Past	She said the train would have gone a long way by ten. Вона сказала, що потяг до десятої години проїде далеко.
Future Perfect Continuous-in-the-Past	She said the cars would have been going for 4 hours by ten. Вона сказала, що машини до десятої години будуть їхати вже протягом 4 годин.

Ex. 1. Supply the required forms of the verbs in brackets:

1. Our friends answered they (to translate) the article from English into Ukrainian.

2. Jack asked who (to read) this interesting novel by Monday.

3. She was told the students (to go) the theatre soon.

4. Mike answered he (to have) to translate the sentences from Russian with his friend.

5. My friend said he (to be going) to enter Kharkov National University.

6. Nataly decided she (to become) a philologist because she (to be fond) of reading.

7. The teacher told us he (to bring) all the books and newspapers by Friday.

8. We said we (to be able) to answer all the questions without his help.

9. John answered he already (to do) his homework in Mathematics and English.

10. My sister said she (to look through) this text since the very morning.

11. Helen said she (to be) free as soon as she (to pass) her exam in French.

12. He answered he (to go) to the country if he (to write) a composition.

13. Nina told me she (to go) to the reading-hall every day.

14. They thought their teacher (to know) five foreign languages.

15. Jack said he would be busy from 5 to 8 on Sunday. He added he (to learn) new philological terms.

Ex. 2. Translate from Ukrainian into English.

1. Піт відповів, що зможе відвідати своїх друзів, якщо вони запросять його в суботу.

2. Мій брат сказав, що пише твір уже дві години.

3. Викладач запитав, чому ми не виконали домашнього завдання.

4. Ми сказали, що підготуємо наукову конференцію із сучасних проблем англійської філології до четверга.

5. Моя подруга відповіла, що вона досконало володіє двома іноземними мовами.

6. Денис сказав, що в нього є кілька цікавих статей з творчості великих письменників.

7. Він вирішив, що поверне всі книги до бібліотеки у вівторок.

8. Ольга відповіла, що їй доводиться робити ці вправи без словника.

9. Коли йому зателефонували, він сказав, що готується до екзамену із зарубіжної літератури.

10. Ми запитали, хто може написати диктант без жодної помилки.

11. Моя подруга відповіла, що о 5-й годині вона буде працювати над своєю вимовою в лінгафонному кабінеті.

12. Джон сказав, що збирається обговорити з викладачем цю проблему в середу.

13. Я сказала, що вже переглянула всі статті і переклала їх.

14. Він відповів, що не хоче їхати на екскурсію, тому що погода дуже погана.

15. Катя попередила, що буде зайнята доти, поки не складе свій останній екзамен.

Ex. 3. Translate from English into Ukrainian paying attention to Sequence of Tenses.

1. Mary said she read only detectives.

2. I said I was sorry and hoped she would soon be better.

3. Everybody thought it would be over in six months.

4. He was young and hoped that hard work would do great things for him in future.

5. He said he couldn’t stay because his wife would wait for him.

6. I thought that very night she would tell the whole story to her father.

7. She didn’t know what their next step would be.

8. Nobody could foresee what she would do.

9. Did they warn you that the way would be dangerous?

10. Jack realized he would be late for the train.

11. I hoped I’d be free as soon as the exams were over.

12. He was sure he would pass the exam if he worked hard enough.

13. We thought we would be able to do everything if we had time.

14. I thought that he had graduated from the University in 2001.

15. The teacher told the children that the earth moves round the sun.

Test

Sequence of tenses

1. I knew that Mercury ( ___ ) the closest planet to the sun, but I didn’t feel like answering the question.

A was

B is

C had been

2. Mike hoped that his friend ( ___ ) him with his car.

A would help

B will help

C helped

3. We didn’t know the score, but we were sure their team ( ___ ) the game.

A has lost

B had lost

C lost

4. Yesterday Tom heard that his aunt ( ___ ) for five days.

A was ill

B has been ill

C had been ill

5. The children were afraid of making any noise-Mom ( ___ ).

A was sleeping

B slept

C had been sleeping

6. He gave all his money to me because he ( ___ ) me.

A would trust

B trusted

C had trusted

7. We were told that Andrew ( ___ ) to enter that college.

A is going

B went

C was going

8. The police found out that Bob Slant ( ___ ) in London’s suburbs at that time.

A had been living

B lives

C lived

9. My parents decided that we ( ___ ) my birthday on Saturday.

A would celebrate

B shall celebrate

C celebrated

10. The pupil wasn’t able to do the translation because he ( ___ ) some special terms.

A hadn’t known

B didn’t know

C doesn’t know

11. Ann hasn’t been informed that the lecture ( ___ ) on Friday.

A hasn’t taken place

B wouldn’t take place

C won’t take place

Reported Speech

При зміні прямої мови на непряму варто дотримуватися таких правил:

1. У непрямій мові не використовуються лапки.

2. Займенники змінюються стосовно змісту.

3. Непряма мова може вводитися за допомогою «that» або ж «that» може опускатися.

He says, «I have to go». — He says (that) he has to go.

Пряма мова Direct Speech	Непряма мова Indirect (Reported) speech
Present Simple He said: «I like music».	Past Simple He said (that) he liked music.
Present Continuous He said: «It is raining».	Past Continuous He said it was raining.
Past Simple She said: «I liked him».	Past Perfect She said she had liked him.
Present Perfect She said: «I have just seen him».	Past Perfect She said she had just seen him.
Past Progressive He said: «I was watching TV then».	Past Perfect Progressive He said he had been watching TV then.
Past Perfect He said: «I had not seen her until yesterday».	Past Perfect He said he had not seen her until the previous day.
Will (Shall) She said: «I will (shall) be late».	Would She said she would be late.
Present Perfect Continuous She said: «I have been waiting for you».	Past Perfect Continuous She said she had been waiting for him.
Past Perfect Continuous He said: «I had been waiting until 6 o’clock».	Past Perfect Continuous She said she had been waiting until 6 o’clock.
Can/May She said: «I can swim».	Could/Might She said she could swim.
Should, Would, Could, Might He said: «You could be right».	Should, Would, Could, Might He said I could be right.
Must He said: «I must do it».	Must/Had to He said he must (had to) do it.

4. При утворенні загальних питань у непрямій мові використовується прямий порядок слів (як у стверджувальному реченні). Непряме питання приєднується до головного речення за допомогою «if» або «whether».

He asks: «Is this your book?». — He asks if (whether) this is my book.

5. При утворенні спеціальних питань досить змінити порядок слів питального речення (на прямий).

He asks: «What is this?» — He asks what this is.

6. Якщо дієслово головного речення стоїть у минулому часі (наприклад: «said»), то слід дотримуватися правила узгодження часів, тобто за необхідності змінювати видо-часову форму присудка, відповідно до таблиці, наведеної вище. Слова, що передають орієнтацію того, хто говорить у часі та просторі, можуть також змінюватися за змістом (наприклад: «here» — «there», «this» — «that», «today» — that day», «tomorrow» — «the next day», «yesterday» — «the previous day» тощо).

7. Якщо в підрядному реченні повідомляється про що-небудь добре відоме або про події, що відбуваються постійно, правило узгодження часів може не застосовуватися:

He said: «Water freezes at 0C». — He said that water freezes at 0C.

She said: «I have breakfast at 7 every day». — She said that she has breakfast at 7 every day.

8. Розпорядження, прохання, поради та пропозиції передаються непрямою мовою за допомогою інфінітива:

He said: «Be careful!» — He asked to be careful.

She said: «Don't cross the street». — She said not to cross the street.

She said: «Let's go». — She suggested to go (запропонувала).

Ex. 1. 1) Report the statements in the next column using the verbs given.

Example: «I'll miss you very much»,he said to her.

He told her that he'd miss her very much.

a	«I'm going to Paris soon». She said __________________________________________.
b	«The film will be interesting». I thought __________________________________________.
c	«I can't help you because I have too much to do». She said __________________________________________.
d	«Ann has bought the tickets». I was told _________________________________________.
e	«I think it's a stupid idea, and it won't work». She said __________________________________________.
f	«Breakfast is served between 7.00 and 9.00». The receptionist explained ____________________________.
g	«I went to Oxford Univrsity in the 60s». He boasted ________________________________________.
h	«I've never been to America». She told me ________________________________________.

2) Report the following questions.

Example: «Where are you going?»

She asked me where I was going.

A	«Do you want to go out for a meal?» She asked me _____________________________________.
B	«Why are you late?» They wondered ____________________________________.
C	«Can I use your phone?» He asked me _______________________________________
D	«Where have you come from?» The customs officer asked me __________________________
E	«How long are you going to be on holiday?» She wanted to know _________________________________
F	«When do you have to go to work?» She asked me ______________________________________
G	«Did you post my letter?» Penny wondered ____________________________________
H	«Will you be back early?» He asked her _______________________________________

Ex. 2. Complete the direct questions.

A	is Mrs Smith, who is talking to B, a bank manager, about getting a loan.
B	Come and sit down, Mrs Smith.
A	Thank you very much.
B	Now, you want to borrow some money. (a) _______________________________________?
A	Five thousand pounds.
B	(b) _______________________________________?
A	Because I want to buy a car.
B	I see. Could you give me some personal details? (c) _______________________________________ ?
A	I'm a computer programmer.
B	And (d) ___________________________________?
A	Twenty thousand pounds a year.
B	(e) _______________________________________ ?
A	Yes, I am. I've been married for six years.
B	(f) _______________________________________ ?
A	Yes, we've got two children.
B	I see you live in a flat. (g) _____________________ ?
A	We've lived there for three years.
B	Well, that seems fine. I don't think there'll be any problems. (h) _________________________?
A	I'd like it as soon as posible, actually.
B	All right. Let's see what we can do.

Ex. 3. Report the bank manager's questions.

A	First he asked Mrs Smith _________________________________
B	Then he wanted to know _________________________________
C	He needed to know _____________________________________
D	She had to tell him ______________________________________
E	Then he asked __________________________________________
F	For some reason, he wanted to know ________________________
G	He asked her ___________________________________________
H	Finally he wondered ____________________________________

Ex. 4. She advised me to …

Choose the most appropriate verb from the box to report each of the sentences. Remember they all follow the pattern verb + infinitive.

Persuade	order	ask	advise	tell
Encourage	invite	beg	remind

Example: «If I were you, I'd go to the doctor's», he said to me.

He advised me to go to the doctor's.

a	«Could you possibly do me a favour?» she asked Tom. __________________________________________________________
b	«Hand in your essays next week», the teacher told the class. __________________________________________________________
c	«Don't forget to post the letter», my wife said to me. __________________________________________________________
d	«Come and have dinner with us», Rosie said to John. __________________________________________________________
e	«You must pay a fine of one hundred pounds», the judge said to Edward Fox.______________________________________________________
f	«Buy the red dress, not the green one», Betty said to Jane. «It's much, much nicer». «Mmm … I'm not sure. Ok, I'll buy the red one. You're right!» said Jane.____________________________________________
g	«You really should paint professionally», said Gill to Henry. «You're really good at it». __________________________________________________________
h	«Please, please, don't tell my father», she said to me. __________________________________________________________
i	«I think you should sell your shares», his accountant said to Bill. __________________________________________________________
Remember that ask can be used to report questions and commands, and tell can be used to report statements and commands, but the form is different. Questions: She asked me where I lived. She asked me if I wanted a lift. Statements: He told me he was very unhappy. He told his wife that he loved her. Commands: He asked me to turn the music down. She told him to go away. Notice the negative command. hey asked me not to tell anyone. She told her son not to worry.

Ex. 5. Statements, questions and commands.

Report the sentences using ask or tell.

a	«Leave me alone!» she said to him. _____________________________________________________________
b	«Please don’t go!» he asked her. _____________________________________________________________
c	«I’m going to bed now», he said to Anne. _____________________________________________________________
d	«How much do you earn, Dad?» asked Jeremy. _____________________________________________________________
e	«Shut up!» said the teacher to the class. _____________________________________________________________
f	«Can you phone back later, Mr Brown?» asked the secretary. _____________________________________________________________
g	«You did very well in the test», said the teacher to everyone. _____________________________________________________________
h	«Don’t walk on the grass!» the park keeper told the children. _____________________________________________________________
i	«Are you ready to go?» Sally asked Bill. _____________________________________________________________
j	«It’s time to get up!» said John to his daughters. _____________________________________________________________

Ex. 6. Other reporting verbs.

Notice the following groups of reporting verbs:

complain admit deny suggest boast

that …

refuse offer agree promise

to do …

Report the sentences using one of the verbs in the boxes.

Example:

«I think it would be a very good idea for you to go to bed», the doctor said to Paul.

The doctor suggested that Paul went to bed.

a	«Yes, okay. I’ll lend you my car but be careful with it!» Peter said to Ann. _____________________________________________________________
b	«Yes, it was me. I stole the money», said Bill. _____________________________________________________________
c	«But I didn’t hit the old lady», said Bill. _____________________________________________________________
d	«I can speak eleven languages, all perfectly», said the professor. _____________________________________________________________
e	«I’ll leave work early, honest I will», Angela said. _____________________________________________________________
f	«Ugh! My soup is cold!» said Henry. _____________________________________________________________
g	«I won’t help you with your homework. Never!» Jane said to me. _____________________________________________________________
h	«I’ll give you a lift to the station, if you like», Kate said to Megan. _____________________________________________________________
i	«What about if we meet on Thursday?» Mark said to James. «That’s fine», said James.________________________________________

Ex. 7. A. Rephrase the following sentences using the words in bold type:

1.	We were in Edinburgh last week. They told us ____________________________________________
2.	She can’t have left without saying goodbye. He said ________________________________________________
3.	Don’t phone me at the office again. She told him ___________________________________________
4.	Would you move your car, please? He asked me ___________________________________________
5.	I’m going to finish the decorating tomorrow. He said _______________________________________________
6.	Where can I find information about museums in Madrid? She asked me __________________________________________
7.	Emma hasn’t eaten anything all day. Emma’s mother said _____________________________________
8.	Why can’t you come to my party? Sally asked me _________________________________________
9.	I don’t know my way round San Francisco. Julia said ______________________________________________
10.	Are you leaving as soon as the course finishes? Anna asked me _________________________________________
11.	We haven’t watched any TV for ages. They said ______________________________________________
12.	How long will you stay in Baltimore? She asked me ___________________________________________
13.	I can run 100 metres in 11 seconds. Robert told me __________________________________________
14.	Be careful! James told his son _______________________________________
15.	Don’t go to the library on Monday. I told her _______________________________________________

B. Say these sentences in another way using the prompt at the end of the line. Pay particular attention to the verb tenses and pronouns.

1. I can get home on my own. 2. We haven’t been to the art gallery for ages.	She said … They said …
3. When did you leave the house this morning?	He asked me …
4. I’ll think about it.	He said …
5. I think I should have phoned my mother.	She said …
6. You should give up your smoking.	The doctor told him..
7. Do you understand the rules of reported speech?	He asked me …
8. When will I see you again?	She asked him …
9. We’re going on holiday tomorrow.	They said …
10. Wait here until I get back.	She told him …

Ex. 8. Revision: render the following texts reporting the direct speech.

1. The Broken Vase

There was once a young man who was in love with a beautiful girl. The girl’s parents were rich but the young man was very poor. When the girl’s birthday was coming, the young man wanted to make her a present. He wanted to buy something beautiful for her, but he had no idea what to buy. Beautiful things cost a lot of money and he had very little. He went into a shop where there were many beautiful things, but they were all too dear. Then he saw a beautiful vase. The vase was so beautiful that he could not take his eyes off it.

«That would be a good present for the girl I live», he thought.

The owner of the shop saw this.

«Why are you so interested in that vase?» he asked. «Do you want to buy it?»

«No, I can’t», said the young man and told him everything.

The owner of the shop thought a moment and then said, «I can help you. Do you see that broken vase in the corner there? I shall order my servant to pack the pieces and take it to the girl you love. When he enters the room, he will drop it».

On the girl’s birthday everything happened as had been planned. The servant brought the vase, and as he entered the room, he dropped it. Everybody was shocked. But when the vase was unpacked, the guests saw that each piece had been packed separately.

2. The Old Indian Is Quite Modern

One day a small group of tourists came to a part of America where they could see neither villages nor people for many days. At last they met an old Indian. He knew everything about the forest, the animals living in it, the weather and many other things. He could speak English.

«Can you tell us what the weather will be like during the next few days?» one of the tourists asked him.

«Oh, yes», he said. «Rain is coming. Then there will be snow for a day or two, but then the sun will come again and the weather will be fine. It will be very warm».

«These old Indians didn’t go to school but they know more than we do», said the man to his friends. Then he turned to the old Indian.

«Tell me», he said, «how do you know all that?»

The Indian answered, «I heard it on the radio».

3. Trying to Speak English

Juan was a Spanish student. He wanted to go to Britain where he could speak English with real English people.

His sister’s husband was an Englishman, and they lived in England. When Juan wrote to her, she invited him to stay with her. She met him at the airport in her car and, of course, spoke Spanish all the time. «Never mind», he thought, «the husband speaks English…» But this Englishman spoke Spanish, too.

Juan’s sister had only Spanish friends and Juan did not speak a word of English while he was staying with her.

One morning Juan saw the postman and was very glad to see him. He quickly opened the door and said, «Good morning». The postman said «Good morning» and walked away.

At last Juan’s big day came. One of his sister’s friends was going to have a party and invited Juan to it. «Now I shall meet real English people and speak English with them», he thought.

When the party began, a girl came up to him and said, «How nice that you are Spanish. I am having a Spanish examination soon. I can practise on you». And in Spanish she invited him to dance.

From that moment Juan stopped trying to speak English. «I must go to another town to speak English», he said to himself.

Test

1. John said, «I’m sorry to disturb you, Eliza».

A John told that he was sorry to disturb Eliza.

B John told Eliza he was sorry to disturb her.

C John said to Eliza he had been sorry to disturb her.

2. He said, «Where is Jill going?»

A He asked where was Jill going.

B He asked where Jill went.

C He asked where Jill was going.

3. Sally said, «I would like to buy a lot of books».

A Sally said that she would like to buy a lot of books.

B Sally said she would have liked to buy a lot of books.

C Sally said that she liked to buy a lot of books.

4. Robby asked, «Bobby, do you know ‘Old Barn’? It’s on the Shrewsbury Road».

1. Robby asked Bobby if he knew ‘Old Barn’ that was on the Shrewsbury Road.

2. Robby asked Bobby did he know ‘Old Barn’; it was on Shrewsbury Road.

3. Robby asked Bobby where ‘Old Barn’ was.

4. «Will you be free tomorrow?» Colin asked Richard.

1. Richard asked would Colin be free the next day.

2. Colin asked Richard if he would be free the following day.

3. Colin asked if Richard will be free tomorrow.

4. The students said, «We wish our exams were over».

1. The students said they wished their exams had been over.

2. The students said that they wished their exams have been over.

3. The students said they wished their exams were over.

4. Tom said, «Jerry has been my best friend since our early childhood».

1. Tom told Jerry that he had been his best friend since their early childhood.

2. Tom said that Jerry has been my best friend since our early childhood.

3. Tom said that Jerry had been his best friend since their early childhood.

4. The teacher said to us, «Be quiet, please».

1. The teacher asked us be quiet.

2. The teacher told us to be quiet.

3. The teacher said to us to be quiet.

4. «Could you show me these magazines, please?» said the boy.

1. The boy told to show him those magazines.

2. The boy asked to show him those magazines.

3. The boy asked if he could show these magazines.

4. Helen said to Kelley, «Please don’t call me at 5. I’ll be translating an article with my friend».

1. Helen told Kelley not to call her at 5. She said that she would be translating an article with her friend.

2. Helen told Kelley that she didn’t call her at 5. She said she would be translating an article with her friend.

3. Helen told Kelley not to have called her at 5. She said that she will be translating an article with her friend.

Modal Verbs

Дієслова, що не виражають конкретних дій, а лише показують ставлення того, хто говорить, до дії, оцінку дії, тобто можливість, необхідність, допустимість, дозвіл тощо.