Особливості вживання пасивного стану в англійській мові

to be + Participle II

Indefinite			Continuous			Perfect
to be asked			to be being asked			to have been asked
Present	Past	Future	Present	Past	Future	Present	Past	Future
I am He Sh is It asked written You W are They	I He She was It asked written You We were They	I We shall be asked be written He She I will You They	I am He She is It Being Asked Being Written You We are They	I He She was It being asked being written We You were They		I You We have They been asked been written He She has It	had been asked had been written	I We shall have been asked have been written He She It will You They

Активний стан	Пасивний стан
I read the book. Прямий додаток	The book is read (by me).
He gave me a book. Непрямий додаток	I was given a book. Мені дали книгу.
We speak much about it. Прийменниковий додаток	It is much spoken about. Про це багато говорять.

Ex. 1. Supply the required passive forms of the Verbs in brackets:

1. The question (to put) to me but I did not answer it, as I was not interested in the history of the English language.

2. The works written by Lermontov (to discuss) for two hours when we came.

3. She (to offer) a scholarship before she went to Cambridge.

4. When I came into the classroom, my friend (to wait) for. Nobody knew where he was.

5. Three foreign languages (to teach) at our school now.

6. The magazines and journals (to send) off by the editor by Friday.

7. It (to decide) that we would take our exam in Lexicology on the 11^th of January.

8. She always (to look) for at school, when she is at home.

9. The article dealing with the genres (to translate) from 5 to 6 tomorrow.

10. Ann’s collection of books always (to admire) by her friends and teachers.

11. The students ought to deal with the problem before it (to speak) about.

12. By the time I ring her up the film (to watch) for 45 minutes.

13. Our ability to use English subtly or precisely continually (to interfere) with by our need to use language simply and imprecisely for everyday purposes.

14. A new grammar rule (to explain) by the teacher of German next week.

15. He (to see) entering the school building just when the first student (to call) upon to read aloud from Beowulf.

16. These dictionaries often (to use) when we have English dictations.

17. He can (to send) for to-night, if we want to prepare for exams together.

18. The poems by Pushkin already (to translate) into many languages of the world.

19. This book (to refer) to next month if we have to make a report.

20. Two foreign languages (to study) by the students of the philological department since September.

Ex. 2. Turn the following active constructions into passive:

1. Nobody of the second-year students made mistakes in the test last week.

2. They have been writing a letter to their foreign friends since the very morning.

3. People have made great progress in Linguistics.

4. He explained almost everything to me.

5. I knew that they had told him of the meeting at our faculty at once.

6. The dean asked us to stay a little longer.

7. They will be learning an English poem at 5 tomorrow.

8. What books are people reading this year?

9. When we came into the classroom the teacher was making up dialogues for us.

10. They are discussing the possibility of new negotiation.

11. Who are they waiting for? They are waiting for their teacher.

12. They have not done translation yet.

13. They decided that I would go to Oxford.

14. They will show the visitors all the new pictures.

15. They had published a novel before they translated it from French.

16. They are rehearsing a new play at the National Theatre.

17. They always ask for books to read and discuss.

18. The teacher explains the meaning of new words every day.

19. They never took any major decision without his knowledge or advice.

20. They will have make a report about the life and literary work of Russian and Ukrainian writers by the end of April.

Ex. 3. Translate into English paying attention to Passive Voice:

1. Його ще ніколи не приймали за англійця.

2. Я не люблю, коли мені ставлять багато запитань.

3. На цю енциклопедію завжди посилаються, коли готують доповіді з німецької філології.

4. На кого чекають? — Чекають на викладача діалектології нашого факультету.

5. Коли ми прийшли, газети і журнали переглядали вже цілу годину.

6. У картинній галереї завжди довго розглядають картини Рєпіна.

7. Коли її екзаменують, вона завжди хвилюється.

8. Працями цього письменника-початківця будуть захоплюватися. Я в цьому впевнений.

9. Зараз на філологічних факультетах вивчається друга іноземна мова.

10. Листи вже переклали українською мовою.

11. Йому вкажуть на помилки з граматики на наступному уроці.

12. Мені запропонували читати лекції з теоретичної граматики.

13. Т. Г. Шевченка високо оцінили як поета, письменника та художника.

14. Над цією книгою вже працюють протягом 2 років.

15. У цей час увага зосереджується на розвитку навичок усного мовлення.

16. Я відчув, що студентові вже ставили це питання раніше.

17. Їй дадуть багато документальних робіт і мемуарів, бо вона захоплюється історією.

18. Я думаю, його умовлять скласти екзамен із польської мови до кінця тижня.

19. Кого проситимуть перевірити твори студентів відділення класичної філології?

20. Я сумніваюся, що це фонетичне явище можна пояснити.

21. Мені допомогли зробити всі вправи з підручника з англійської мови для студентів 3-го курсу.

22. На той час, як ти повернешся, диктант будуть писати вже протягом п'яти хвилин.

23. Чи цікавою для тебе є курсова робота зі стилістики, яку тобі запропонували?

24. Студентів будуть тестувати завтра з 3-ї до 5-ї вечора.

25. Коли я увійшов до аудиторії, йому пояснювали вживання видо-часових форм дієслова в англійській мові.

Revision

Passive voice

Ex. 1. Translate from English into Ukrainian.

1. The same idea is expressed by Thomas Hood, one of the most prominent of the chartist poets.

2. O. Henry’s stories will be spoken about by the members of our English Club next week.

3. Today Ukrainian literature is being translated into many languages of the world.

4. «The Citadel» will have been discussed by Friday.

5. This work, written in 1894 – 1895 in America, was intended for children.

6. The journals were being looked through by the editor all day long.

7. «Oliver Twist» was written as a protest against the Poor Law.

8. To his great surprise the manuscript has been published.

9. The title of the book is borrowed from «The Pilgrim’s Progress», an allegorical novel written by John Bunyan, one of the greatest writers of the second half of the 17^th century.

10. In 1885 Shaw was invited to review books and plays.

11. In the museum an honorary place will be devoted to monographs and lifetime publications of Pushkin and Lermontov.

12. Pr. Brown’s book is always referred to.

13. Charles Dickens was sent by his father to a lawyer’s office to study law.

14. It is usually considered to be Cronin’s masterpiece.

15. This fact was explained after «Vanity Fair» had been written.

Ex. 2. Use the required active and passive forms in the following text:

Walker’s ambition (to be) to make a road right round the island and a great part of it already (to build). His roads (to be) the joy of his heart and he (to make) excursions constantly to see that they (to keep) in order.

The roads (to be) wide tracks which (to cut) through the jungle. When they (to lay), trees (to root) out and rocks (to dig) up. It (to be) hard work, and all of it (to do) by the natives who (to pay) almost nominal wages for it.

Then the day (to come) when the natives (to learn) that larger sums (to pay) for such work in other places and they (to stop) the work. Now the wages (to discuss) in the village. The natives (to hold) together and (to say) they (not to return) to the work unless Walker (to agree) to accept their terms. The administrator only (to promise) to give them a feast when the road (to finish).

But when Walker (to find) that no attempt (to make) to start work, he (to go) to the village and (to ask) the men what silly game (to play). The natives (to be) calm and only (to say) they (to do) it if he (to give) them a hundred pounds. Walker (to fly) into a rage and (to say): «If you (not to start) in a week, take care». Then he (to turn) round and (to walk) away.

That same night when Walker (to stroll) along the road that (to run) past his house, he (to hear) something whizz past him and strike a tree. He (to understand) that something (to throw) at him. He (to know) it (to be) hopeless to pursue in the darkness. Instead he (to look) for what (to throw), but (can) find nothing. He (to go) quickly back to the house for a lantern. Then he (to return) to the place and after a long search (to see) a long knife sticking into the trunk of a tree. It (to throw) with such force that it (to require) quite an effort to pull it out.

The next day Walker (to ride) over to the village again. He (to find) the men sitting round the floor in the chief’s hut. He (to guess) that the question of the road (to discuss) again. The hut (to form) in this way: trunks of a slender trees (to place) in a circle at intervals of perhaps five or six feet; a tall tree (to set) in the middle from which the thatched roof (to slope) downwards. At night or when it (to rain), coconut leaves (to pull) down. In the daytime that hut (to be) open for the breeze to blow through. Walker (to ride) up to the edge of the hut and (to call) out to the chief: «You (to leave) your knife in a tree last night», and he (to fling) it down on the ground.

On Monday Walker (to go) out to see if the natives (to start) work. There (to be) no sign of it. «They (to regret) it», he (to say) to himself, devising a scheme to punish them.

Next morning a large group of men (to come) into the village and their chief (to say) that they (to make) a bargain with Walker to build the road. According to the local rules of hospitality which (to have) the force of laws the people of the village (to have) to give lodging to the workers as well as provide them with food and drink as long as they (to wish) to stay. Soon it (to become) clear that the strangers (to work) very slowly. Ruin (to stare) the village people in the face. They (to realize) that Walker (to outwit) them and that they (to laugh) at. The humiliation (to be) hard to bear. So no one (to be) surprised when one afternoon Walker (to find) lying on the floor in his cabin — he (to shoot).

Test

Passive voice

The Tower of London

1. The Tower of London ( ___ ) by William the Conqueror in 1078 as a castle and palace.

A was built

B had been built

2. At the time when it was a prison a lot of people ( ___ ) in the Tower for their religious beliefs or suspected treason.

A were locked

B were being locked

3. Anne Boleyn, Sir Walter Raleigh and Elizabeth the First ( ___ ) there, too.

A had been shut up

B were shut up

4. Spies ( ___ ) in the Tower during both World Wars.

A have been imprisoned

B were imprisoned

5. Some of the prisoners ( ___ ) to walk in the grounds, live in comfortable rooms and receive visitors.

A were allowed

B are allowed

6. The Jewel House ( ___ ) at the Tower now.

A is situated

B is being situated

7. The collection of the Crown Jewels ( ___ ) in it. Saint Edward’s Crown, the Imperial State Crown, and the royal sceptre ( ___ ) there.

A are kept; are guarded

B is kept; is guarded

8. Saint Edward’s Crown ( ___ ) for the coronation ceremonies.

A is used

B have been used

9. 3000 precious jewels ( ___ ) in the Imperial State Crown.

A were contained

B are contained

10. In 1671 a daring attempt ( ___ ) to steal the Crown Jewels by a man named Captain Blood.

A was made

B was being made

Sequence of Tenses

Узгодження часів відбувається в тому випадку, якщо є складно-підрядне речення з підрядним додатковим. Вживання часу дієслова-присудка у підрядному додатковому
Головне речення	Підрядне речення
Present Indefinite (Future Indefinite)	Будь-який час залежно від контексту
Past Indefinite	Present Indefinite  Past Indefinite
	Present Continuous  Past Continuous
	Present Perfect  Past Perfect
	Past Indefinite  Past Perfect
	Present Perfect Continuous  Past Perfect Continuous

Приклади
He said he knew two foreign languages.	Він сказав, що знає дві іноземні мови.
Nick looked through the window and saw that it was raining.	Нік подивився у вікно й побачив, що йде дощ.
The student answered that he had not done any mistake in his report.	Студент відповів, що він не зробив жодної помилки в доповіді.
Helen told me that she had been reading a book for an hour.	Олена сказала мені, що читає книгу вже годину.