III. Comprehension.

Exercise 13. Agree or disagree with the following statements:

• Cotton is a natural animal fiber of great economic importance.

• Cotton is produced by small trees and shrubs.

• The length of the individual fibers ranges from 10 to 15 inches.

• Shorter fibers that grow from the seeds are called linters.

• The fiber of Egyptian cotton is blue and shorter than any other type of cotton.

Exercise 14. Find the answers to the following questions:

• What are the characteristics of cotton?

• How is cotton produced?

• Shorter fibers that grow from the seeds are called linters, aren’t they?

• Do cotton plants, growing in different parts of the world, differ from one another?

• Have you read about any hybrid type of cotton? Describe it, please, using some information from Text A.

IV. Oral Practice.

Exercise 15. Speak on different species of cotton, their origin and their characteristics.

V. Reading.

Exercise 16. Read Text B and translate it using a dictionary. Mind the terms.

Text B.

Denim

Denim was originally woven in Nimes in Southern France, known as “serge de Nimes” and was used as “sail” cloth for ships crossing the Atlantic Ocean. The warp is usually a hard twist cotton yarn, dyed indigo blue with a softer undyed cotton yarn in the weft, woven in a compact 2-and-1 or

3-and-1 twill weaves. The smooth surface and structure of denim makes it a hardwearing fabric. Used in recent years in the manufacture of jeans, it will always be considered the ideal cloth for making work clothes and uniforms. It is sometimes known as engineers’ cloth. There are some lightweight stripped fabrics similar to denim called galetes (multicoloured) and fodens (blue and white). A double jersey fabric using blue and white yarn is made as a substitute for denim.

Terms:

denim – груба бавовняна тканина для робочого одягу

hardwearing – міцний під час носіння

warp – основа

yarn – пряжа

weft – уток

twill weaves – переплетіння

stripped – смугастий

substitute – замінник

galetes – галєтес

fodens – фоденс

Exercise 17. Answer the following questions:

1. Where was the cloth denim originally woven?

2. Why is it called “denim”?

3. How was it used?

4. What are the warp and the weft in the cloth?

5. Why is it a hardwearing fabric?

6. Where is denim used in recent years?

Exercise 18. Speak on the following topics:

1. The application of Denim for different kinds of clothes.

2. Denims substitutes.

Unit 3 History of Cotton.

I. Vocabulary.

Exercise 1. Remember the following worlds and word-combinations:

1. mankind 2. century 3. fiber 4. crop 5. China 6. to make 7. both … and … 8. cool 9. warm 10. spinning 11. weaving 12. become (became, become) 13. perfect 14. to perfect 15. ancient 16. to sing (sang, sung) 17. garment 18. web of woven wind 19. to give 20. plant 21. to mean (meant, meant) 22. to shine (showed, shown) 23. to draw out 24. to stretch 25. thus 26. stuff 27. to spin (spun, spun) 28. Spain 29. wool 30. to describe 31. possess 32. instead of 33. quality 34. sheep 35. clothing 36. to call 37. vegetable 38. even 39. to write (wrote, written) 40. to bear (bore, born) 41. tiny tambs 42. end 43. branch 44. one can hardly believe 45. bring (brought, brought) 46. to sell (sold, sold) 47. as 48. cheap 49. common 50. rare 51. fabric 52. muslin 53. harder to get 54. silk 55. cloth 56. widely

1. людство 2. століття 3. волокно 4. врожай 5. Китай 6. робити, виготовляти 7. як ... так ... 8. прохолодний 9. теплий 10. прядіння, прядиво 11. ткацтво 12. ставати 13. досконалий, довершений 14. вдосконалювати 15. древній, античний 16. співати, оспівувати 17. одежа 18. павутиння, яке зіткане з вітру 19. давати 20. рослина 21. означати 22. світити 23. витягувати 24. витягувати 25. таким чином 26. товар, річ 27. прясти 28. Іспанія 29. бавовна 30. описувати 31. володіти 32. замість 33. якість 34. вівця 35. одежа 36. називати 37. рослина 38. навіть 39. писати 40. народжувати 41. крихітне ягня 42. кінець 43. галузь 44. важко повірити 45. привозити 46. продавати 47. як, наче 48. дешевий 49. звичайний 50. рідкий 51. тканина 52. муслін (тканина) 53. тяжче дістати, досягти 54. шовк 55. тканина 56. широко

Exercise 2. Translate the following words and word-combinations into Ukrainian:

• to make both cool and warm clothes

• in any other country

• cotton spinning and weaving

• more perfected

• in the ancient times

• a “web of woven times”

• “the white stuff that can be drawn or spun”

• instead of

• a better and finer quality

• a cheap common stuff

• being one of the oldest fibers

Exercise 3. Find sentences with the word one in paragraph 1 and 5 and translate them into Ukrainian. Mind that one has three functions:

a). числівник;

b). замінник іменника, щоб його не повторювати;

c). підмет безособового речення.

Ex.:One student was absent yesterday.

We liked this jacket but bought that one.

One should take care of his health.

Exercise 4. Translate the sentences with the word that in different functions:

той, та, те (займенник)

That що (сполучник)

котрий (сполучник)

замінник іменника

Exercise 5. Find some sentences in paragraph 1, 3, 4 with emphatic construction: