VI. Reading and Writing.

Exercise 20. Read the text with a dictionary and put down its translation.

Flannelette and Jean

Flannelette is a cotton fabric originally made as a cheap imitation for wool flannel. The name is derived from the Welsh term “gwlanan”, the Welsh for wool being gwlan (loosely woven). Woven in plain or twill weave in soft cotton yarns the surface of the cloth is raised on both sides. It can be undyed, dyed, woven in stripes or checks. It launders well and is used for sheets, shirts and nightwear. It is sometimes known as Canton flannel or flannels in South America. Boomazey is a twill flannelette printed on the front and napped on the face and back and is used for winter shirts and children’s clothes.

Jean fabric gets its name from the northern Italian town of Jenos where it was first made. Originally this cloth was used as lining material and made with a 3-and-1 twill weave producing a smooth faced closely woven cloth. It differs from denim because it is dyed in solid colours or bleached. The plural of jean has become synonymous with hard wearing working trousers. At the time of the gold rush in the mid-nineteenth century in the United States, jean, denim and other heavy weight canvas cloths made better working trousers for the gold miners than traditional fabrics. Jean is used extensively for working and sports cloths. Other cloths similar to jean include Argentina and Australian twill both of which are usually dyed black.

Notes:

plain – прямий;

to twill – переплітати по діагоналі;

to raise – ворсувати, начосувати.

VII. Supplementary reading. Efficiency of Using Waste after Flax and Hemp Processing

Insufficiency of resources in South Ukraine, economic problems connected with involving a great volume of primary raw materials in economic turnover and obtaining a lot of waste required the development of resource consumption structure, introduction of low waste and wasteless technologies, creation of perfect system of waste utilization. Technological developments carried out at the scientific laboratories of the Kherson State Technical University showed that at certain minimum expenditures there exists the possibility of obtaining real efficiency in processing flax and hemp plants waste in Ukraine.

The economic effect can be obtained at the expense of introduction into production short fibres which cottonizing allows to expand the assortment of fabric and to economize primary raw resources: realization of waste formed in the pharmaceutical industry where they are used for the production of oily substances which provide healing wounds and activated carbon used for clearing organism; using shive as waste substances containing valuable organic substances in pulp and paper industry for the production of paper and board, in wood-chemical industry for the production of wood-fibre and wood-mineral compositions and shiveboards as substitutors for expensive wood. The most considerable economic effect is connected with the application of shive for the development and creation of the whole complex of new building materials and compositions. Their economic importance increases because their production doesn’t require great preparatory and power expenditure. The expention of application of wood-cement compositions as fireboard, sawdust concrete, lignowood concrete allows to satisfy the requirements of large-scale and private building. Taking into account the lack of power resources in Ukraine one can consider perspective and economically benefit the use flax and hemp waste in the form of shive blocks. Maximum efficiency can be obtained by using secondary raw rich in shive in food industry. The results of effective application of flax and hemp waste one can consider the production profitability, saturation of market with new goods of flax and hemp processing and the reduction of negative influence of waste on environment.