- •Unit 1 My Future Speciality.
- •I. Vocabulary.
- •II. Reading.
- •My speciality
- •III. Language.
- •IV. Oral Practice.
- •V. Reading and Comprehension.
- •The Revolution in Textile Industry
- •VI. Reading and Writing.
- •Flannelette and Jean
- •VII. Supplementary reading. Efficiency of Using Waste after Flax and Hemp Processing
- •Unit 2 Cotton.
- •I. Vocabulary.
- •II. Reading.
- •III. Comprehension.
- •IV. Oral Practice.
- •V. Reading.
- •Unit 3 History of Cotton.
- •I. Vocabulary.
- •It was … that / who … (which are translated as: саме, як раз , тільки, власне) and translate them into Ukrainian. Pay attention to the translation of some sentences.
- •II. Reading.
- •The History of Cotton
- •III. Comprehension.
- •Batiste
- •VI. Comprehension.
- •VII. Oral Practice.
- •Unit 4 Flax.
- •I. Vocabulary.
- •II. Reading.
- •Flax. Fiber Flax.
- •III. Language.
- •IV. Oral Practice.
- •V. Reading and comprehension.
- •Flax. Seed Flax.
- •VI. Oral Practice.
- •VII. Reading and Comprehension.
- •New Economical Technology for Cottonized Flax Fiber Preparation
- •First Method.
- •Parameters of flax fibre processed with the first method.
- •Second Method.
- •VIII. Reading and writing.
- •Quality in Flax Production and Processing.
- •IX. Supplementary reading. Assessment of Quality
- •Unit 5 Processing of Flax.
- •I. Vocabulary.
- •II. Reading.
- •Processing of Flax
- •III. Language.
- •VI. Oral Practice.
- •V. Reading and comprehension.
- •VI. Oral Practice.
- •VII. Listening and Comprehension.
- •Preset State of Flax and Hemp
- •VIII. Reading and Writing.
- •A New Method of Cottonising
- •IX. Supplementary reading.
- •About New Technology of Processing of Fibre Flax
- •The method of Termolysis Processing for Scutched Flax Fibre.
- •Unit 6 Properties of Textile Fibres.
- •I. Vocabulary.
- •II. Reading.
- •The Characteristics of Textile Fibers Part I
- •Cotton and Flax Part II
- •III. Vocabulary.
- •IV. Comprehension.
- •V. Oral Practice.
- •It seems to me …
- •In my opinion …
- •It is really so …
A New Method of Cottonising
The elementary bast fibres, also referred to as “ultimates”, are cemented together into bundles by a pectinous gum. The binding substance, or gum, consist of pectins of the inner lamellae. They are present in the cell walls of the fibres and cement the fibre bundle to the surrounding tissue of the bark. The pectins of the inner lamellae have incrustations of lignin which makes it difficult to separate individual fibres from the bundles.
Separation of the individual elementary (ultimate) fibres from the fibre layer is refereed to as cottonising. There are several methods of cottonising technical flax spinning waste. They are broadly classified as biological, chemical, mechanical, and chemo-mechanical.
Currently in wide use in the textile industry are two cottoniding methods, the chemo-mechanical and the mechanical method. The resultant cottonised fibre characteristic is that its fineness is directly related to its length. In the chemo-mechanical method the fibre bundles are first opened by treatment in an alkaline medium. Further separation of the fibres is accomplished by mechanical action in which the length of the fibres is also reduced. In the mechanical method, separation of the bundles is effected by mechanical action alone and the resultant cottonised fibre is longer than with the chemo-mechanical method and it is also coarser and more riding.
IX. Supplementary reading.
Text 1.
About New Technology of Processing of Fibre Flax
At present, primary flax-processing branch in Ukraine needs re-equipment and new technologies. There are no productions manufacturing modern high-efficiency equipment for flax processing in Ukraine. That’s why the investigations in this direction, carried out at the Institute of Bast Crops find support and positive comment from the specialists.
One of the prioritative elaborations of the institute is a new technology of receiving of long flax fibre, which has been tested on the experimental section of the unit. There are excited data received by the experiments in search of the optimal parameters of proposed technology of flax processing.
The given technology of long fibre extraction from the flax stalks is based on profound differentiation of mechanical coercion of the working organs on processed material. It is achieved by the way or combination of different working organs and gradual increase of intensity of coercion in the process of removal of non-fibrous part of the stem. At first the stalks are put on flattening, then –
low-sized scraping and combing with the constant material tension. During the processing the scraping and combing were differentiated. These mechanical coercions allow to remove from the stems 90-95% of food. After this the material is subjected to high speed coercion – scutching.
Notes:
coercion – присилування, змушення;
flattening – вирівнювання;
scraping – скобління;
scutching – тріпати, м’яти (льон, коноплю);
scutcher – тріпальна машина.
Text 2.