- •А кадемия управления при Президенте Республики Беларусь
- •Система открытого образования
- •Business english Курс лекций
- •Is she talking? 8
- •1. Starting to trade 151
- •2. The marketing mix 166
- •The Future: will
- •I/you/he/she/it/we/they will go (I’ll. He’ll, they’ll go)
- •Past Simple Tense
- •Positive (regular verbs)
- •Present Perfect Tense
- •Question Have you done it yet? Where have you been?
- •Review of time expressions
- •Word study Putting Nouns Together
- •Summary
- •The president
- •For discussion
- •The future perfect
- •More about auxiliary verbs
- •Word study
- •Two More Ways to Put Nouns Together
- •Company structure
- •Application for a job
- •74 Dockside Manchester m15 7bj 8 March 2000
- •Utility chiefs top executive pay increases
- •Unit II
- •Types of companies
- •Text № 1
- •Types of companies
- •Investing in a limited company
- •Summary of modal verbs
- •Modals with more than one meaning
- •You mustn’t vs. You don’t have to
- •Other uses of “will” and “would”
- •Degrees of probability
- •Exercise 15. Which is the closest in meaning?
- •The passive with modals
- •The indirect passive
- •Share capital
- •Companies
- •Must have and might have
- •Present Past
- •Could have and should have
- •Present
- •Types of business units
- •Unit III starting a business
- •Participles
- •A real estate purchase
- •Another use for participles
- •Participles
- •The problem of cash flow
- •Exchange rates cause budgeting problems
- •The flow of funds
- •Read and give the summary of the newspaper articles.
- •1. Greenalls refocuses spending By Dominic Walsh
- •2. Mandelson wants uk "digital leader" By Raymond Snoddy, Media Editor
- •3. Paget departs from telspec By Chris Ayres
- •4. Tlg succumbs to 353 million pounds wassall bid By Paul Durman
- •5. Progress hope at pilkington By Paul Durman
- •Unit IV management
- •What is management?
- •1.1. Read and translate the text.
- •1.2. Put 5 questions to part 1 of the text the answers to which are marked by •
- •1.3.. Answer the following questions:
- •1.4. Try to remember 5 main duties of managers.
- •2.1.. Read the notes of the lecture about management. Write out new words. Translate the text.
- •2.2.. Discuss:
- •3.1. Read text ¹ 3. Complete the sentences, finding them in the text:
- •3.2. Discuss:
- •4.1. Read text ¹ 4 about managers’ skills. There are 9 of them mentioned. Make the list of them and discuss the following:
- •Gerunds
- •The infinitive Positive Infinitive Negative Infinitive
- •Conditionals First conditional
- •Second conditional
- •Third conditional
- •The conditional
- •Texts for reading Holding Meetings
- •1. Put a tick or a cross in the box after each statement to show whether you think it is correct or not:
- •London borough Spring Personnel. Legal pa £25,000
- •Relative clauses
- •Miss Johnson is a secretary I work with.*
- •More examples of relative clauses
- •Of which vs. Whose
- •Past participles used as adjectives
- •Relative clauses with prepositions
- •Relative clauses with deletions
- •Conjunctions and related phrases
- •Agreement of tenses
- •Reported speech: agreement of tenses
- •Direct Reported
- •Reported questions
- •Interrogative noun clauses Who’s That Man?
- •Didn’t he apologize for _______?
- •Do you know _______?
- •Text ¹ 2 Market Study
- •Questions about the story
- •For discussion
- •Texts for reading and discussion
- •1. Starting to trade
- •Marketing Defining marketing
- •2. The centrality of marketing
- •1D Comprehension
- •Product policy
- •1A Discussion
- •1A Reading
- •3. Products and brands
- •4. It pays to advertise
- •It pays to advertise
- •2. The marketing mix
- •The role of advertising
- •Does the fact that it pays to advertise seem obvious to you? Explain your answer.
- •Figure 1.1.: gross margin
- •Paragraph 3: aura
- •3. Users of both competitive brands and of our product.
- •Born in 1946, we offer 52 years of experience
- •Unit VI business communication
- •Higher management
- •Rules of Writing
- •Increase your vocabulary
- •Means of communication
- •4 Abilities
- •5 Experience
- •Increase your vocabulary
- •Writing
- •Text 6 designing a sales letter
- •Manufactures of Quality Office Equipment since 1940
- •The layout of a business letter
- •23 Nelson Square
- •Velkotex Ltd
- •Prefixes of negation
- •Indicative Subjunctive
- •Verbs used with the subjunctive
- •Indicative vs subjunctive
- •Indicative Subjunctive
- •Infinitives with “seem” and “appear”
- •By Russsell Hotten
- •Sources
- •Козлова Любовь Константиновна Business English
- •220007, Г. Минск, ул. Московская, 17.
By Russsell Hotten
Eurostar, which runs passenger services through the Channel Tunnel, is talking to British Midland and other airlines about offering joint air-rail ticketing between London and Paris and Brussels.
Sir Michael Bishop, chairman of British Midland, said he had been in talks with European Passenger Services, the British arm of Eurostar, since last August. He has forecast airlines will face intense competition from Eurostar for business travellers.
Tim Walden, British Midland's industry affairs manager, said yesterday: “We are looking at a link service, with the hope of bringing something in some time in the summer.”
The aim would be to offer businessmen flexible packages enabling them to travel by rail or air in each direction.
British Airways is also thought to have been approached by the project, and Eurostar's other European partners are talking to airlines in France.
When solitude is bliss
By Roger Bootle
How does the global economic crisis affect the euro? Until recently, it was widely believed that there could be no better circumstances in which to launch the new currency, as the European economy embarked on an economic upswing. Well after the Asian crisis burst onto the world scene the official view was that Europe would be largely immune, or might even enjoy net benefits, thanks to the large fall in commodity prices.
Now things do not look so good. Yet a more strident note now resounds in European capitals thank goodness for the single currency! For all those countries which have managed to clamber aboard the good ship euro, even the worst weather should hold no fears. But heaven helps those casts adrift in these tempestuous seas.
In one sense, this is extremely surprising. After all, when there is more danger of a world slump than at any time since the 1930s, the time hardly seems right to be launching the greatest monetary experiment in history. Yet even a dyed-in-the-wool sceptic like me has to say that if monetary union were to be postponed now (and the chances are next to zero) the consequences would be disastrous. Italy, for one, would surely find itself at the mercy of investors running for cover. Recent caution would be nothing in comparison. Italian interest rates would soar and this could land the country in the situation aptly described as the debt trap, from which the escape is overt or covert default.
Assuming that the world economy continues to be subject to extreme turbulence, would Britain also find life more bearable if she joined the euro? Britain is not in the position of Italy. If the world crisis intensifies, the international markets will not stage an attack on British bond markets. Indeed, Britain currently enjoys safe-haven status. Nor does this derive from the notion that the pound is really a euro in waiting. It derives simply from the comparative health of Britain's economy and her political stability.
In some eyes, this attraction is even enhanced by detachment from the euro. Accordingly, Britain's danger from being left outside is the exact opposite of Italy's, namely the risk that international capital could find the pound so attractive that it was sent sharply higher on the exchanges, thereby intensifying recessionary forces already at work.
Yet outside the euro we would have the option to manage our monetary policy to our advantage. The euro-enthusiasts have long told us that this idea harks back to the days of yore. Monetary sovereignty is now illusory. Far better to recognise this and to march in step with the big boys.
Then, every so often, something comes along which puts a premium on flexibility. In the early 90s that something was German reunification. In the economists' lingo that was classed as an asymmetric shock, calling for different policies in countries which were differently affected. Supposedly, such asymmetric shocks are a dying breed – although it looks to me as though the Russian imbroglio may affect Germany far more seriously than Britain. But even if the world crisis affects the countries of the ED in identical ways, it is still hitting at different stages of the economic cycle, and there is still the scope to choose to react to it differently.
How is euroland likely to react? There are some early worrying signs. Herr Tietmeyer, President of the Bundesbank, recently dashed hopes of an internationally co-ordinated interest rate cut. And, of course, euroland has the problem of its "tiger" economies, which are crying out for higher interest rates. Moreover, there is the danger that obeisance before the god "credibility" will oblige the European Central Bank to give excessive weight to the euro money supply. All in all, there is a serious risk that euro interest rates will be held higher than they should be, thereby holding back the European economy.
Britain is in a unique position. The pound can either be seen as a pseudo dollar or a pseudo euro. If the world economy develops adversely, and especially if the dollar weakens into a strong euro, then it is in Britain's economic interests that the pound be seen as a pseudo dollar. In that case, it would come down sharply against the euro, thereby helping to mitigate the adverse effects of the world slowdown on British trading performance.
Of course, the manipulation of currency values is not ordinarily in the gift of politicians – let alone the double manipulation of moving the pound down against one currency while maintaining its value against another. But entry or non-entry into the euro is not an ordinary event. It is one of those things which is ultimately under the politicians' control. Britain is able to influence the exchange rate of sterling, not only through interest rate policy but also by taking a less positive stance about the prospects for British entry.
Until recently, of course, the Government's attention has been devoted to much higher things, namely the historic opportunity to manoeuvre Britain into the European mainstream. Let us hope that it has not lost sight of something equally historic, namely the threat of losing the ability to control our own monetary affairs at one of those moments when it would be not only useful but invaluable. Apparently, if and when we join the euro, the Queen's head will not appear on our notes. Yet if we were to join and this proved to be a disaster, then we should surely call for someone else's head – but not to go on the notes.