- •Часть 1
- •Часть 1
- •Москва 2010
- •Часть 1
- •1.1 Lead-in
- •1.2 Language input
- •Developing vocabulary
- •1.2.2 Match the English word combinations in the left-hand column with the Russian equivalents in the right-hand column:
- •Background information Environment of Global Finance
- •1.4 Comprehension Understanding the reading
- •Give extensive answers to the questions. Use the following expressions to present your answers:
- •In a nutshell, ...
- •Scanning*
- •1.4.2 Scan the text to determine whether these statements are true (t) or false (f). With a partner, discuss why.
- •1.4.3 Scan the text and find the information to complete the following lists:
- •1.4.4 Scan the text again and find the English equivalents for the following:
- •1.4.5 Develop the following ideas. Make use of the active vocabulary given in brackets:
- •1.5 Practice
- •Word Building
- •1.5.1 Consult a dictionary and practise the pronunciation of the following words and word combinations: Countries and nationality adjectives
- •1.5.4 A. Read the text, ignoring the missing parts.
- •Substitute the words and word combinations given in bold type by synonyms or synonymous expressions from the active.
- •1.6 Dialogue 1
- •Import and Export
- •Supporting materials
- •Incoterms*
- •Trade Restrictions
- •The wto in brief
- •1.7 Case study & role play Case 1
- •1.7.1 Develop the following ideas.
- •1.7.3 Say it in English using the word combinations from both the Case-study and Role-play sections:
- •Appendix
- •1.7.4 Develop the following ideas:
- •1.7.5 Say it in English:
- •1.7.6 A. Find examples that show how trade restrictions affect multinational corporations.
- •Making a Decision
- •1.8 Grammar back up: The Infinitive
- •1. Is the verb followed by a full or bare Infinitive?
- •1.8.1 Insert to before the infinitive where required. Translate the sentences into Russian.
- •2. Which verbs are followed by Complex Object?
- •I’d rather not be told the truth.
- •I’ll have you speak English in no time.
- •I hear (that) you have had successful talks.
- •2. Is the infinitive or the ing-form used after the verbs of perception?
- •I watched the secretary type a letter on a paper with a printed letterhead.
- •I watched the secretary typing a letter on a paper with a printed letterhead. (I.E. I saw part of the action)
- •1.8.2 Join these pairs of sentences, deciding when to use a bare infinitive or ing.
- •I’ll have you know I’m the company secretary.
- •I’ll have you speaking English in no time.
- •1.8.3 Use the bare infinitive or the -ing form after have in these sentences.
- •4. What is Complex Subject and when do we use it?
- •With the verb “ turn out “.
- •B. Paraphrase the following using a Complex Subject with the verbs in brackets.
- •Revision
- •2 The Firm and Its Environment
- •2.1 Lead-in
- •2.2 Language input
- •Developing vocabulary
- •2.2.1 Consult a dictionary and practise the pronunciation of the following words and word combinations, quote the sentences in which they are used in the text or submit the examples of your own:
- •2.2.2 Match the English word combinations in the left-hand column with the Russian equivalents in the right-hand column:
- •2.3 Background information The Firm and Its Environment
- •Understanding the reading
- •Scanning
- •Scan the text to determine whether these statements are true (t) or false (f), and if they are false say why.
- •2.4.3 Develop the following ideas. Make use of the active vocabulary given in brackets:
- •2.4.4 Match each of the phrases on the left with an appropriate explanation on the right. Use the grid below:
- •2.4.6 Scan the text again and find the English equivalents for the following:
- •Practice Language focus
- •2.5.3 A. Read the text, ignoring the missing parts.
- •Word-building
- •2.6 Dialogue 1
- •Types of securities
- •Mergers, Takeovers & Acquisitions
- •Supporting Materials
- •2.7 Case study & role play The Case
- •Chart 2.
- •Making a Decision
- •2.8 Grammar back up: The ing-Form & Past Participle
- •1. When do we use the -ing form?
- •I need a console desk. - I need a trading desk.
- •2. When do we use the Past Participle?
- •2. What form of the participle should be used?
- •3. What forms of participles do we use in the negative meaning?
- •4. When do we use the perfect participle passive?
- •Change the Infinitive in brackets for Perfect Participle (active or passive). Translate the sentences into Russian.
- •5 What do we call misrelated participles?
- •6. What is the meaning of the structure to have (get) something done?
- •7. What participial constructions do the participles build?
- •Do it in Russian
- •Мужчина с портфелем ручной работы вон там – это посредник, представляющий компанию-конкурента.
- •Context
- •Topics for the Power Point presentations:
- •3.1 Lead-in
- •3.2 Language input
- •3.2.1 Consult a dictionary and practice the pronunciation of the following words and word combinations, quote the sentences in which they are used in the text or submit the examples of your own:
- •3.2.2 Match the English word combinations in the left-hand column with the Russian equivalents in the right-hand column:
- •Environment of Accounting
- •3.4 Comprehension Understanding the reading
- •3.4.1 Give extensive answers to the questions. Use the following expressions to present your answers:
- •Scanning
- •3.4.2 Scan the text to determine whether these statements are true (t) or false (f), and if they are false say why:
- •3.4.3 Scan the text and find the information to complete the following lists:
- •3.4.4 Scan the text and find the English equivalents for the following:
- •3.4.5 Develop the following ideas. Make use of the active vocabulary, given in brackets:
- •3.5 Practice
- •Word Building
- •Complete the table with words from the text and related forms. Put a stress mark in front of the stressed syllable.
- •3.5.2 A. Read the text, ignoring the missing parts. Accounting Assumptions and Principles
- •Financial Statements
- •3.5.3 A. Fill in the gaps with the suitable expressions from the box:
- •5.5.4 A. Read the text, give the English equivalents for the words in brackets, and single out the main items of the income statement.
- •Income Statement
- •In eur thousand
- •3.5.5 A. Read the text and single out the main items of the balance sheet.
- •Illustration 5.2.
- •July 31, 200x
- •I. Consider the other parts of the consolidated balance sheet given below. Match the English word combinations in the left-hand column with the Russian equivalents in the right-hand column.
- •A. Read the text and supply the prepositions where necessary.
- •Illustration 5. 3.
- •3.5.7 Say it in English:
- •5.5.8 A. What do the following abbreviations stand for?
- •3.6 Dialogue 1
- •Jobs in Accounting
- •Supporting Materials
- •Read and translate the following dialogue: Tax Accounting
- •Supporting Materials
- •A Brief Summary of the Activities of the Office of the Auditor General in Norway
- •3.7. Case study& role play Case
- •Discussion questions:
- •Exhibit 1 Sales of the Microcomtec 100
- •Exhibit 2 Microcomtec’s Balance Sheet as of December 2000
- •Discussion questions:
- •Interoffice Memorandum
- •Making a Decision
- •3.8 Grammar back up The Infinitive, Past Participle and the “-ing” form (Revision)
- •Infinitive or the ing-form
- •Infinitive or the ing-form
- •Topics for the Power Point presentations
Environment of Accounting
Accounting is the art of organizing, maintaining, recording, and analyzing financial activities. Accounting is generally known as the “language of business”. The accountant translates the accounting information into meaningful terms that are used by interested parties. Every organization – profit, nonprofit, charitable, religious, or governmental – requires the services of accountants in providing accounting information.
Accountants and the statements they generate are primary source of information on economic and business activity. Accounting information is used by everyone. The accountant keeps track of all business transactions. A business transaction is any business activity that affects what a business owns or owes as well as the ownership of that business. Most accounting information is stated in monetary terms and is designed to be useful in making economic decisions. These decisions are made both within and outside the firm.
The manager of an organization, who is charged with the responsibility of seeing that the enterprise is properly directed, relies upon accounting information provided to make appropriate decisions. The accounting information specifically prepared to aid managers is called managerial (management) accounting information. Managerial accounting information is used in three management functions: a) planning, b) implementation, c) control.
Planning. Planning is the process of deciding what actions should be taken in the future. A plan may be made for any segment of the organization or for the entire organization. An important form of planning is called budgeting. Budgeting is the process of planning the overall activity of the organization for a specified period of time, usually a year. A primary objective of budgeting is to coordinate the separate plans made for various segments of the organization so as to assure that these plans harmonize with one another. Planning involves making decisions. Accounting information is especially useful in the analysis step of the decision-making process.
Implementation. Making plans does not in itself ensure that the plans will be implemented. In the case of the annual budget, each manager must take actions to provide the human and other resources that will be needed to achieve the planned results. Each manager must also make more detailed implementation plans than are encompassed in the approved budget. Although much of this activity is routine, the manager also must react to unanticipated events, changing previous plans as necessary to adjust for the new conditions.
Control. It is the managers’ responsibility to see that the work is done, and done properly, by the employees of the organization. The process the managers use to assure that the employees perform properly is called control. Accounting information is used in the control process as a means of communication, motivation, attention-getting, and appraisal.
The decisions managers make can be classified into four major types: financing decisions, resource allocation decisions, production decisions and marketing decisions.
Managerial accounting provides the information for these decisions. In form, managerial accounting information may be general (for use in long-range planning) or detailed (for use in cost control). The uses of managerial accounting information are varied, ranging from decision making by managers charged with successful operations of the specific division to which the information relates to planning in both the long and short range.
For internal use by management, managerial accounting information generally is narrow in focus. It usually relates to a part of the company’s operation.
Financial accounting information is intended both for managers and for the use of parties external to the organization, including shareholders (and trustees in nonprofit organizations), bankers and other creditors, government agencies, and the general public. Investors in an enterprise need information about the financial status and future prospects of an organization. Bankers and suppliers grant loans and extend credit to organizations based оn their financial soundness. Even customers and employees concerned about the condition of an organization make use of accounting information. The external users of accounting information and the types of questions for which they seek answers can be classified as:
Stockholders, prospective stockholders in a corporation, and their advisers - financial analysts and investment counselors. Should an ownership interest be acquired in this firm? Or, if one is now held, should it be increased, decreased, or retained at its present level? Has the firm earned satisfactory profits?
Creditors and lenders. Should a loan be granted to the firm? Will the firm be able to pay its debts as they become due?
Employees and their unions. Does the firm have an ability to pay increased wages? Is the firm financially able to provide permanent employment?
Customers. Is this firm offering desirable goods and services at reasonable prices? Will the firm survive to honor its product warranties?
Governmental units. Is a public utility earning a fair rate of return on its capital investments? Can a firm install costly pollution control equipment and remain profitable?
Besides keeping track of accounting information the accountant is also called upon to prepare various reports. There are three basic reports that the business organization uses on a regular basis: income statement, statement of capital and balance sheet.
Financial statements provide information on a firm’s financial condition (or position), on changes in this position, and on results of operations (profitability). All businesses maintain records based on an accounting period of 12 months that follows either the calendar year or any other complete 12-month period known as fiscal year. Many companies publish these statements in an annual report. This report also contains the auditor’s opinion as to the fairness of the financial statements. In addition the accountant may be called upon to prepare financial statements, known as interim reports, for a period of time less than a complete accounting period.
Financial accounting information generally relates to the firm as a whole, since outsiders can make decisions only on matters pertaining to the firm in its entirety, such as whether to extend credit to it. Such information, usually historical, is a report upon what has happened. Because interfirm comparisons are often made, the information supplied must conform to certain standards. In the USA there are Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (US GAAP). In most of the rest of the world there are International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). There is a basic similarity of GAAP throughout the world though in some respect they may differ from country to country.