- •Reviewing anatomy and physiology of the cardiovascular system
- •Mind the pronunciation:
- •Descriptive words for the heart murmurs:
- •Descriptive words for the arterial pulse:
- •Descriptive words for the heart sounds:
- •Ex. 7. Match the proper meaning of the words and their definitions:
- •Ex. 8. Read and translate into Russian:
- •Grammar
- •Pericarditis
- •Cardiovascular Diseases
- •Endocarditis
- •Angina Pectoris
- •Case: Chest Pain
- •What are the most common kinds of heart disease?
- •Effects of Myocardial Hypoxia
- •Hypertension
- •Renitec
- •Indications.
- •3. Express the main idea of the text in several sentences. Congenital heart disease
- •Rheumatic Fever and the Heart
- •2. Say which statements are false.
- •3. Which information in the text you didn’t know?
- •4. Retell the text using the true statements.
- •Coronary artery disease
- •1. Study the text “Pericarditis”. Read the passage dealing with the etiology of disease and express its content in 3-4 sentences.
- •2. Find and translate in a written form the passage dealing with the inspection of patients suffering pericarditis.
- •3. Convey the main idea of the text using the following models:
- •Pericarditis
- •Texts for listening comprehension
- •Blue Color (cyanosis)
- •Dizziness
- •Fatigue
- •Heart Rate Changes
- •Reviewing anatomy and physiology of the respiratory tract
- •0 2 And co 2 transport and internal respiration.
- •Grammar
- •Common Respiratory Disorders
- •Characterizing Percussion Sounds
- •Radiography
- •Common symptoms of the diseases of the respiratory tract
- •Patients with diseases of the respiratory system
- •Acute Pharyngitis
- •Laryngitis
- •Bronchitis Acute
- •Bronchial asthma
- •Pleurisy
- •Pneumonia
- •Lung Cancer
- •Tuberculosis
- •Test yourself
- •Reviewing anatomy and physiology of gastrointestinal tract
- •How to Get Patients to Describe Abdominal Pain
- •Common digestive disorders
- •Gastritis
- •Chronic and Acute Gastritis
- •Ulcer Peptic (Duodenal)
- •Peptic Ulcer
- •Indigestion (Dyspepsia)
- •Gastroenteritis
- •Gastric Carcinoma
- •Carcinoma of the Stomach
- •Cancer Esophagus
- •Maalox Suspension
- •Texts for listening comprehension
- •Weight Loss
- •Nausea and Vomiting
- •Neoplasm
- •Test yourself
- •Reviewing Anatomy and Physiology
- •1.) Make up questions to ask about patient`s complaints.
- •2.) Dramatize the dialogue.
- •Assessing for Gallbladder Disease
- •Hepatitis - Viral
- •Cholecystitis-Acute
- •Cholecystitis
- •Acute Cholecystitis
- •Cholelithiasis and Related Disorders
- •Viral Hepatitis
- •Cirrhosis and Fibrosis
- •Fatty Liver
- •Test yourself
- •Contents
Reviewing anatomy and physiology of the respiratory tract
The respiratory system distributes air to the alveoli, where gas exchange — the addition of oxygen (02) and the removal of carbon dioxide (C02) from pulmonary capillary blood — takes place. Certain specialized structures within this system play a vital role in preparing air for use by the body. The nose, for example, contains vestibular hair that filter the air and an extensive vascular-network that warms it. The nose also contains a layer of goblet cells and a moist mucosal surface; water vapor enters the airstream from this mucosal surface to fully saturate inspired air as it's warmed in the upper airways. Ciliated mucosa in the posterior portion of the nose and nasopharynx, as well as major portions of the tracheobronchial tree, propels particles deposited by impaction or gravity to the oropharynx, where the particles are swallowed.
External respiration.
The external component of respiration - ventilation or breathing - delivers inspired gas to the lower respiratory tract and alveoli. Contraction and relaxation of the respiratory muscles move air into and out of the lungs. Ventilation begins with the contraction of the inspiratory muscles: the diaphragm (the major muscle of respiration) descends, while external intercostal muscles move the rib cage upward and outward. Air then enters the lungs in response to the pressure gradient between the atmosphere and the lungs. The lungs adhere to the chest wall and diaphragm because of the vacuum created within the pleural space. As the thorax expands, negative pressure is created in the intrapleural space, causing the lungs also to expand and draw in the warm, humidified air. The accessory muscles of inspiration, which include the scalene and sternocleidomastoid muscles, raise the clavicles, upper ribs, and sternum. The accessory muscles are not used in normal inspiration but are used in certain disease states, when diaphragm function is impaired.
Normal expiration is passive; the inspiratory muscles cease to contract, and the elastic recoil of the lungs causes the lungs to contract. These actions raise the pressure within the lungs above atmospheric pressure, moving air from the lungs to the atmosphere. Active expiration causes the pleural pressure to become less negative.
An adult lung contains an estimated 300 million alveoli; each alveolus is supplied by many capillaries. To reach the capillary lumen, 02 must cross the alveolocapillary membrane, which consists of an alveolar epithelial cell, a thin interstitial space, the capillary basement membrane, and the capillary endothelial cell membrane. The 02 tension of air entering the respiratory tract is approximately 160 mm Hg. In the alveoli, inspired air mixes with C02 and water vapor, lowering the oxygen pressure to approximately 100 mm Hg. Because alveolar partial pressure of 02 is higher than that present in mixed venous blood entering the pulmonary capillaries (approximately 40 mm Hg), O2 diffuses across the alveolocapillary membrane into the blood.