- •Ser & estar/ to be
- •Idiomatic expressions
- •Irregular/ irregular
- •Irregular conditional forms
- •Past tense
- •Prefixes des-, in-, and re-
- •Disminutivo/ diminutive
- •Conocer & Saber/ to know
- •Gerundio/ gerund
- •Verbos irregulares / Irregular Verbs
- •Reflexivo/ reflexive
- •Preposiciones/ prepositions
- •Dif. Between pedir & preguntar
- •Hay / there is (are)
- •Imperfecto/ imperfect tense
- •Verbos irregulares/ irregular verbs
- •Subjuntivo/ subjunctive
- •Voz pasiva/ passive voice
- •Hacer/ to do, make
- •To have
- •2. The simplest way of expressing possession is by using tener/ to have.
- •3. In Spanish, tener is used for indicating age. On the other hand, in English the verb to be is used for telling age.
- •Gustar / to like
- •4. Other verbs in the same category are following:
Subjuntivo/ subjunctive
The subjunctive mode is used to express conjecture, emotion, uncertainty, subjectivity, influence, doubt, probability, or hypothesis that is yet unknown. Like Spanish, English has a subjunctive mode too. However, many speakers do NOT notice it because most of its forms are identical to the infinitive. There is a difference between the subjunctive and the indicative only in the singular she/he forms.
NOTE that the present indicative of the verb study is studies, but the present subjunctive is study, the form does NOT change spelling.
EXAMPLE
Present Indicative: Did you know that Juan studies every day?/ Sabías que Juan estudia todos los días?
Present Subjunctive: It is necessary that Juan study every day./ Es necesario que Juan estudie todos los días.
HOW TO FORM THE SUBJUNCTIVE MODE:
Regular verbs
To form the present subjunctive, remove the final -o from the first person singular (yo) of the present (indicative mode) and add the following endings:
Pronoun |
CComprar / to buy |
Vender/ to sell |
Recibir / to receive |
yo/ I |
compre |
venda |
reciba |
tú/ you |
compres |
vendas |
recibas |
él, ella, Ud./ he, she, you |
compre |
venda |
reciba |
nosotros/ we |
compremos |
vendamos |
recibamos |
vosotros/ you |
compréis |
vendáis |
recibáis |
ellos/ they |
compren |
vendan |
reciban |
IRREGULAR VERBS
a. NOTE that the irregular form in the first person singular (present tense, Subjunctive mode) is maintained throughout the entire conjugation as follows; that is the reason why the present tense is used instead of the infinitive form.
Infinitive |
Conjugated |
Conducir/ to drive |
conduzca, conduzcas, conduzca, conduzcamos, conduzcáis, conduzcan |
Conocer/ to know |
conozca, conozcas, conozca, conozcamos, conozcáis, conozcan |
Traducir/ to translate |
traduzca, traduzcas, traduzca, traduzcamos, traduzcáis, traduzcan |
|
|
Hacer/ to do, make |
haga, hagas, haga, hagamos, hagáis, hagan |
Poner/ to put, place |
ponga, pongas, ponga, pongamos, pongáis, pongan |
Salir/ to go out |
salga, salgas, salga, salgamos, salgáis, salgan |
Traer/ to bring |
traiga, traigas, traiga, traigamos, traigáis, traigan |
|
|
Oír/ to hear |
oiga, oigas, oiga, oigamos, oigáis, oigan |
Ver/ to see |
vea, veas, vea, veamos, veáis, vean |
b. Stem-changing verbs that end in -ir and have a diphthong ( e:ie, o:ue) have an additional change (e:i, o:u) in nosotros and vosotros forms (NOTE that in the present of the indicative mode, they do NOT change)
Pronoun |
Sentir/ to feel |
Dormir/ to sleep |
yo/ I |
sienta |
duerma |
tú/ you |
sientas |
duermes |
él, ella, Ud./ he, she, you |
sienta |
duerma |
nosotros/ we |
sintamos |
durmamos |
vosotros/ you |
sintáis |
durmáis |
ellos/ they |
sientan |
duerman |
c. The following are irregular verbs in the present subjunctive:
Infinitive |
Conjugated |
Saber/ to know |
sepa, sepas, sepa, sepamos, sepáis, sepan |
Ser/ to be |
sea, seas, sea, seamos, seáis, sean |
Ir/ to go |
vaya, vayas, vaya, vayamos, vayáis, vayan |
|
|
Haber/ to have (auxiliary) |
haya, hayas, haya, hayamos, hayáis, hayan |
Dar/ to give |
dé, des, dé, demos, deis, den |
Estar/ to be |
esté, estés, esté, estemos, estéis, estén |
d. Verbs that end in -car, -gar, and -zar have spelling change in the subjunctive to maintain the original sound of the consonant as follows:
Pronoun |
Cbuscar / to look for (c:qu) |
llegar/ to arrive (g:gu) |
cruzar / to cross (z:c) |
yo/ I |
busque |
llegue |
cruce |
tú/ you |
busques |
llegues |
cruces |
él, ella, Ud./ he, she, you |
busque |
llegue |
cruce |
nosotros/ we |
busquemos |
lleguemos |
crucemos |
vosotros/ you |
busquéis |
lleguéis |
crucéis |
ellos/ they |
busquen |
lleguen |
crucen |
e. Stem-changing verbs that end in -ar and -er have the same changes in the subjunctive mode as in the present indicative. NOTE that stems do NOT change in nosotros and vosotros.
Pronoun |
Cpensar / to think |
volver/ to come back |
yo/ I |
piense |
vuelva |
tú/ you |
pienses |
vuelvas |
él, ella, Ud./ he, she, you |
peinse |
vuelva |
nosotros/ we |
pensemos |
volvamos |
vosotros/ you |
penséis |
volváis |
ellos/ they |
piensen |
vuelvan |
f. Stem-changing verbs that end in -ir and have e:i change in the entire conjugation as follows:
Infinitive |
Conjugated |
Pedir/ to ask |
pida, pidas, pida, pidamos, pidáis, pidan |
USES OF THE SUBJUNCTIVE
1. Except for its use in the main clauses to express commands, the Spanish subjunctive is used in a sentence that has at least 2 clauses, a main and a subordinate or dependent clause. The verb in the main clause determines the use of subjunctive or indicative mode in the subordinate clause. The most common conjunction used to join the two clauses is que (that).
EXAMPLES
Espero que cambiemos el proveedor./ I hope (that) we switch supplier.
El gerente duda que podamos cambiarlo./ The manager doubts (that) we can switch him.
2. Generally the subjects of the main clause and the dependant clauses are different. However, if the subject of both clauses is the same, the infinitive is used instead of the subjunctive.
EXAMPLES
El presidente espera que nosotros vayamos./ The president hopes that we go.
El presidente espera ir./ The president hopes to go.