- •Министерство аграрной политики украины
- •Введение
- •Topic 1. An introduction to economics
- •Comprehension check
- •I. Give English equivalents to the following:
- •II. Read the international words and guess their meanings:
- •III. Are the following statements true or false?
- •IV. Fill in the gaps using the words given: Scarcity, income, interact, society, trends, management, economics, economy
- •V. Translate into English
- •VI. Answer the questions
- •Topic 2. The basic economic problem
- •Comprehension check
- •I. Give English equivalents to the following:
- •II. Read the words and guess their meanings:
- •III. Are the following statements true or false?
- •IV. Complete these sentences with the words in appropriate form and translate the sentences into Russian:
- •V. Translate into English:
- •VI. Answer some questions:
- •Topic 3. Factors of production
- •Comprehension check
- •I. Give Russian equivalents to the following:
- •II. Give English equivalents to the following:
- •III. Make sentences by adding a suitable beginning to the following:
- •IV. Agree or disagree with the following statements:
- •V. Fill in the gaps using the words given
- •VI. Translate into English
- •VII. Answer some questions:
- •Topic 4.
- •Types of business.
- •Types of business organization
- •What is business?
- •Starting a business
- •Types of business
- •Sole Trader
- •Partnership
- •Private Limited Company
- •Public Limited Company
- •The sole proprietor
- •Partnerships
- •Corporations
- •Companies and Organizations Background information about the organization.
- •Comprehension check
- •I. Give English equivalents to the following:
- •III. Complete the sentences using the proper forms of the verbs in the brackets:
- •IV. Translate into English:
- •V. Answer the questions:
- •Topic 5. Company structure
- •Study carefully the meaning of the following phrases and word combinations
- •Comprehension check
- •I. Give English equivalents to the following:
- •II. Read the words and guess their meanings:
- •Who is who?
- •III. Complete these sentences using the words from the list below and translate the sentences into Russian:
- •IV. Translate into English:
- •V. Answer some questions on the Text:
- •Topic 6. Accounting
- •Read and memorize the following words and word combinations:
- •Comprehension check
- •I. Give English equivalents to the following:
- •II. Give Russian equivalents to the following:
- •III. Read and translate the definitions of the basic accounting terms:
- •IV. Agree or disagree with the statements:
- •V. Fill in the gaps using the words given:
- •VI. Complete as in the text:
- •VII. Translate from Russian into English:
- •VIII. Answer some questions:
- •Topic 7. Financial statements
- •Vocabulary
- •Comprehension check
- •IV. For Russian terms in a column a find corresponding English definitions in column b.
- •V. Fill in the gaps using the words given:
- •VI. Are the following statements true or false?
- •VII. Complete the sentences referring to the information from the text.
- •VIII. Translate from Russian into English:
- •IX. Answer some questions:
- •Topic 8. Money and its functions
- •Vocabulary
- •Different kinds of money
- •Vocabulary
- •Comprehension check
- •I. Give English equivalents to the following:
- •II. Read the words and guess their meanings:
- •III. Read and translate the terms:
- •IV. Complete these sentences using the words from the list below and translate the sentences into Russian:
- •V. Are the following statements true or false?
- •VI. Translate into English:
- •VII. Answer some questions:
- •Topic 9. Banks and banking
- •Comprehension check
- •I. Give English equivalents to the following:
- •II. Read and translate the definitions of the basic banking services terms: Banking services
- •III. Complete these sentences with appropriate words оr word combinations and translate the sentences into Russian:
- •IV. Complete the following sentences in any way you like.
- •V. Translate into English:
- •VI. Summarize the contents of the Text using these questions as an outline.
- •Topic 10. Banking system
- •Vocabulary
- •Comprehension check
- •I. Give English equivalents to the following:
- •II. Read and translate the definitions of the basic banking terms:
- •III. Choose the necessary word and put it in the sentence:
- •IV. Translate into English:
- •V. Answer some questions:
- •Topic 11.
- •International banking and international economic institutions world bank
- •Comprehension check
- •I. Give English equivalents to the following:
- •II. Read the words and guess their meanings:
- •III. Are the following statements true or false?
- •IV. Fill in the gaps using the words given
- •V. Translate into English
- •International monetary fund (ifm)
- •Comprehension check
- •I. Give English equivalents to the following:
- •II. Read the words and guess their meanings:
- •III. Which of the following is true?
- •IV. Translate into English:
- •V. Answer some questions on the Text:
- •Topic 12. Monetary policy
- •Vocabulary
- •Comprehension check
- •I. Suggest the Russian equivalents:
- •II. Find in the text English equivalents for the following:
- •III. Fill in the gaps with the words and expressions from the text:
- •V. Translate into English using all the active possible
- •VI. Answer the questions:
- •Topic 13.
- •Import and export
- •Vocabulary
- •IV. Fill in the gaps using the words given
- •V. Read and translate into Russian:
- •Incoterms 2000
- •Incoterms
- •VI. Translate into English:
- •VII. Answer the questions:
- •Topic 14.
- •Insurance
- •Memorize the following words and word combinations:
- •Comprehension check
- •I. Give English equivalents to the following:
- •II. Substitute the proper English words from the list below for the Russian words in brackets.
- •III. Are the following statements true or false?
- •IV. The following sentences relate to various aspects of insurance. Choose the word which best fits each space.
- •V. Translate into English
- •VI. Answer some questions on the Text:
- •Topic 15.
- •International investing
- •Investors
- •Memorize the following words and word combinations:
- •Comprehension check
- •I. Give Russian equivalents to the following:
- •II. Complete sentences according to the information in the text.
- •III. Which explanation of economic terms is correct?
- •IV. Read and translate the definitions of the basic investment and securities terms:
- •V. Give Russian equivalents to the following:
- •VI. Choose the necessary word and put it in the sentence:
- •Interest
- •VII. Translate into English:
- •6.030509 «Учет и аудит», 6.030504 «Экономика предприятия»
- •98309 Г. Керчь, Орджоникидзе, 82.
VI. Translate into English:
Импорт – ввоз в страну заграничных:
- товаров и технологий для реализации на внутреннем рынке или транзита в третьи страны;
- услуг - в форме платного пользования услугами иностранных фирм;
- капитала - в форме предоставления кредитов и займов.
Импорт выступает как результат международного разделения труда, способствует экономии времени и более полному удовлетворению потребностей национальной экономики.
Объем импорта зависит от размеров экспортной выручки и валютных резервов страны.
Различают видимый и невидимый импорт.
Импорт регулируется национальным законодательством, политико-правовыми ограничениями, таможенными тарифами, системой лицензирования и другими мерами внешнеэкономического регулирования.
Импортная пошлина - таможенная пошлина, взимаемая с импортируемых в страну товаров и транспортных средств.
Торговые барьеры - ограничение свободного обмена товарами и услугами между странами через механизмы тарифного и нетарифного регулирования.
Экспорт - вывоз за границу товаров, услуг и капитала для реализации на внешних рынках.
Bыручка от экспорта является основным источником средств для оплаты импорта.
Международная торговая палата (МТП) (International Chamber of Commerce (ICC)) – Всемирная организация международного экономического самоуправления. МТП основана в 1919 году, штаб-квартира МТП находится в Париже.
МТП является официальным разработчиком международных правил для точного определения торговых терминов Incoterms .
Базисные условия поставки товаров — это общепризнанные международные торговые обычаи, соответствующие содержанию и характеру внешнеторговых сделок.
Базисные условия поставки обычно определяют обязанности, связанные с доставкой товара.
Базисными эти условия называются потому, что они устанавливают основу (базис) цены.
С целью исключения противоречий между продавцом и покупателем в толковании базисных условий Международная торговая палата выпустила и опубликовала в 1936 г. сведения под первоначальным названием «Торговые термины» (Trade Terms), а затем, в 1953 г., «Инкотермс — 1953» International Commercial Terms), Международные правила по толкованию торговых терминов.
VII. Answer the questions:
What is international trade?
What is export?
What is import?
What are the measures to control international trade?
What is a tariff?
What is a quota?
What are the methods to establish products in a foreign market?
Литература
Основная: 1, 4, 6.
Дополнительная: 1, 4, 7, 8, 11.
Topic 14.
Insurance
Insurance plays a central role in the functioning of modern economies. Insurance is a device to handle risk. Its primary function is to substitute certainty for uncertainty as regards the economic cost of disastrous events. Insurance may be defined more formally as a system under which the insurer, for a consideration , promises to reimburse the insured , or to render services to the insured in the event that certain accidental occurrences result in losses during a given time period.
Insurance, in law and economics, is a form of risk management primarily used to hedge against the risk of a contingent loss. Insurance is defined as the equitable transfer of the risk of a loss, from one entity to another, in exchange for a premium, and can be thought of as a guaranteed small loss to prevent a large, possibly devastating loss.
An insurer is a company selling the insurance; an insured is the person or entity buying the insurance. The insurance rate is a factor used to determine the amount, called the premium, to be charged for a certain amount of insurance coverage. Risk management, the practice of appraising and controlling risk, has evolved as a discrete field of study and practice.
Insurance relies heavily upon the “law of large numbers”. In large homogeneous population it is possible to estimate the normal frequency of common events such as deaths and accidents. Losses can be predicted with reasonable accuracy, and this accuracy increases as the size of the group expands.
From the standpoint of the insurer, an insurable risk must meet the following requirements.
The objects insured must be numerous enough and homogeneous enough to allow a reasonably close calculation of the probable frequency and severity of losses.
The insured object must not be subject to simultaneous destruction. For example, if all the building insured by one insurer are in an area subject to flood and a flood occurs, the loss to the insurance underwriter may be catastrophic. The possible loss must be accidental in nature, and beyond the control of the insured. If the insured could cause the loss, the element of randomness and predictability would be destroyed.
There must be some way to determine whether a loss has occurred, and how great a one. This is why insurance contracts specify very definitely what events must take place, what constitutes loss, and how it is to be measured.
From the viewpoint of the insured person, an insurable risk is one for which the probability of loss is not so high as to require excessive premiums. What is “excessive” will depend on individual circumstances, including the person’s attitude toward risk. At the same time, the potential loss must be severe enough to cause financial hardship if a person does not insure against it.
Insurable risks include losses to property resulting from fire, explosion, windstorm, etc.: losses of life or health: and the legal liability arising out of use of automobiles, occupancy of buildings, employment, or manufacture.
Uninsurable risks include losses resulting from price changes and competitive conditions in the market. Political risks such as war, punitive taxation, or currency debasement are usually not insurable by private parties but contracts can be drawn in such a way that an “uninsurable risk” can be turned into an “insurable” one through restrictions on losses, redefinitions of perils , or other methods.