33. Christopher Wren is a famous architect who built Saint Paul’s Cathedral and many other buildings of London.

34.“Bloody Mary” is the Queen Mary the first Tudor.

35.King Henry the 8th had 6 wives.

36.Soccer is traditional or association football.

37.Wimbledon is the place where Tennis Championships are held.

38.Wembley is a stadium where international football matches are played.

39.Ping Pong or Whiff Whaff is table tennis, invented in England in about 1880.

40.Steeplechase is cross country running with hazards.

41.Bob is a policeman.

4.2.The United States of America

The United States of America (commonly referred to as the United States, the U.S., the USA, or America) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Caribbean and Pacific.

The United States is the world's oldest surviving federation. It is a constitutional republic. In the American federalist system, citizens are usually subject to three levels of government, federal, state, and local; the local government's duties are commonly split between county and municipal governments. In almost all cases, executive and legislative officials are elected by a plurality vote of citizens by district. There is no proportional representation at the federal level, and it is very rare at lower levels.

The United States has operated under a two-party system for most of its history. For elective offices at all levels, state-administered primary elections choose the major party nominees for subsequent

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general elections. Since the general election of 1856, the major parties have been the Democratic Party, founded in 1824, and the Republican Party, founded in 1854. Since the Civil War, only one third-party presidential candidate—former president Theodore Roosevelt, running as a Progressive in 1912—has won as much as 20% of the popular vote.

Within American political culture, the Republican Party is considered center-right or "conservative" and the Democratic Party is considered center-left or "liberal". The states of the Northeast and West Coast and some of the Great Lakes states, known as "blue states", are relatively liberal. The "red states" of the South and parts of the Great Plains and Rocky Mountains are relatively conservative.

The winner of the 2008 presidential election, Democrat Barack Obama, is the 44th U.S. president. All previous presidents were men of solely European descent. The 2008 elections also saw the Democratic Party strengthen its control of both the House and the Senate.

The United States is a federal union of fifty states. The original thirteen states were the successors of the thirteen colonies that rebelled against British rule. The states do not have the right to secede from the union.

The national flag of the United States of America (the American flag) consists of thirteen equal horizontal stripes of red (top and bottom) alternating with white, with a blue rectangle in the canton bearing fifty small, white, five-pointed stars arranged in nine offset horizontal rows of six stars (top and bottom) alternating with rows of five stars. The fifty stars on the flag represent the 50 states and the 13 stripes represent the original thirteen colonies that rebelled against the British monarchy and became the first states in the Union. Nicknames for the flag include the Stars and Stripes, Old Glory, and The Star-Spangled Banner (also the name of the national anthem).

The Great Seal of the United States is used to authenticate certain documents issued by the United States federal government. The Great Seal was first used publicly in 1782. The obverse of the great seal is used as the national coat of arms of the United States. It is officially used on documents such as United States passports, military insignia, embassy placards, and various flags. Since 1935, both sides of the Great Seal appear on the reverse of the one-dollar bill. The Seal of the

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President of the United States is directly based on the Great Seal, and its elements are used in numerous government agency and state seals. In God We Trust is the official motto of the United States.

Washington, D.C., formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D.C., is the capital of the United States, founded on July 16, 1790.

New York is the most populous city in the United States, and the center of the New York metropolitan area, which is one of the most populous urban areas in the world. A leading global city, New York exerts a powerful influence over global commerce, finance, culture, fashion and entertainment. As host of the United Nations headquarters, it is also an important center for international affairs. The city is often referred to as New York City or The City of New York to distinguish it from the state of New York, of which it is a part. New York was founded as a commercial trading post by the Dutch in 1624. The settlement was called New Amsterdam until 1664 when the colony came under English control. New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the country's largest city since 1790.

Do you know that …

1.July 4, 1776 is the Day of Independence , that day the Declaration of Independence was adopted.

2.The Bill of Rights is American constitution.

3.The White House is the official residence of the President.

4.American flag is called stars and stripes.

5.The Great Lakes is a district of 5 lakes which borders Canada.

6.The Statue of Liberty is 93 m high. It’s made in France by Gustave Eiffel and presented to the USA in 1886.

7.“A melting pot”, “A salad bowl” are names often given to the USA because of its multinational population.

8.“ Yankee” so Southern Americans called Northern ones.

9.The Great Depression is a period of economical crisis of 19291939.

10.“Prohibition” is the law which banned the use of alcoholic beverages.

11.“Gold Rush, Gold Fever” is rush for gold.

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12.The Ku Klux Klan is racist organization.

13.Yellowstone National Park is the first reserve in the world.

14.The Grand Canyon is a gorge 247 miles long, 4-14 miles wide and 1 mile deep.

15.“The Big Apple” is a nickname for New York.

16.Harvard University is the oldest and most prestigious, based in 1636.

17.Samuel Clemens is a famous American humorist Mark Twain.

18.Basketball is a game invented in America in 1891 by Games Naismith.

19.Subway is metro.

20.Cab is a taxi.

4.3.Canada

Canada is a country occupying most of northern North America, extending from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west and northward into the Arctic Ocean. It is the world's second largest country by total area. Canada's common border with the United States to the south and northwest is the longest in the world.

Canada is a federation composed of ten provinces and three territories. In turn, these may be grouped into regions: Western Canada, Central Canada, Atlantic Canada, and Northern Canada (the latter made up of the three territories Yukon, Northwest Territories, and Nunavut). Eastern Canada refers to Central Canada and Atlantic Canada together. Provinces have more autonomy than territories. Each has its own provincial or territorial symbols.

Canada is governed as a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy with Queen Elizabeth II as its head of state. It is a bilingual nation with both English and French as official languages at the federal level. One of the world's highly developed countries, Canada has a diversified economy that is reliant upon its abundant natural resources and upon trade—particularly with the United States, with which Canada has had a long and complex relationship. It is a member of the G8, G-20, NATO, WTO, Commonwealth and UN.

Canada has a parliamentary government with strong democratic traditions. Parliament is composed of The Crown, an elected House of

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Commons, and an appointed Senate. Each Member of Parliament in the House of Commons is elected by simple plurality in an electoral district or riding. General elections must be called by the prime minister within five years of the previous election, or may be triggered by the government losing a confidence vote in the House.

Members of the Senate, whose seats are apportioned on a regional basis, are chosen by the prime minister and formally appointed by the Governor General and serve until age 75.

The Governor General of Canada is the viceregal representative in the federal jurisdiction of the Canadian monarch and head of state, Queen Elizabeth II, who is equally shared with 15 other sovereign nations in a form of personal union, but resides predominantly in her oldest realm, the United Kingdom. The Queen appoints the Governor General to carry out most of the monarch's constitutional and ceremonial duties for an unfixed period of time.

Canada's federal structure divides government responsibilities between the federal government and the ten provinces. Provincial legislatures are unicameral and operate in parliamentary fashion similar to the House of Commons. Canada's three territories also have legislatures, but with fewer constitutional responsibilities than the provinces and with some structural differences (for example, the legislative assemblies of the Northwest Territories and Nunavut have no parties and operate on consensus).

The political executive consists of the prime minister (head of government) and the Cabinet and carries out the day-to-day decisions of government. The Cabinet is made up of ministers usually selected from the House of Commons and headed by the prime minister, who is normally the leader of the party that holds the confidence of the House of Commons.

The National Flag of Canada, also known as the Maple Leaf, is a red flag with a white square in its centre, featuring a stylized 11-pointed red maple leaf. Its adoption in 1965 marked the first time a national flag had been officially adopted in Canada to replace the Union Flag.

A Mari Usque Ad Mare (English: From Sea to Sea; French: D'un ocean à l'autre) is the Canadian national motto.

Ottawa is the capital of Canada and a municipality within the

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