- •Федеральное агентство по образованию Нижегородский государственный университет им. Н.И. Лобачевского
- •032301 «Регионоведение»
- •Введение
- •Contents
- •The united nations organisation (un)
- •How the un works
- •International Organizations
- •1. Answer the following questions:
- •2. Give as much information as possible concerning the following notions:
- •3. Prepare the summary of the text in 10-12 sentences. Use the active vocabulary from the Word Study section.
- •1. Give the definitions of the following words and phrases from the text and use them in the sentences of your own:
- •Un structure
- •1. General Assembly
- •2. Security Council
- •3. Economic and Social Council (ecosoc)
- •4. Trusteeship Council
- •5. International Court of Justice
- •6. Secretariat
- •7.Secretary General
- •8.Agencies Related to the un
- •1. Read the text and say whether these statements are true or false:
- •2. Read the text again and answer the following questions using the active vocabulary:
- •4. Prepare the summary of the text in 20-25 sentences. Use the active vocabulary from the Word Study section.
- •3. Use the lexical units from the exercises above in the sentences of your own.
- •What the un does for peace
- •United Nations Organization Reform
- •Security Council reform must result in profound changes – Assembly President
- •Momentum on Security Council reform must not falter – Assembly President
- •Реформа оон неизбежна
- •Большая перемена
- •The north atlantic treaty organization (nato)
- •What is nato
- •1. Complete the following sentences:
- •2. Answer the following questions:
- •1. Translate the following words and word combinations from the text from English into Russian:
- •2. Translate the following words and word combinations from the text from Russian into English:
- •3. Match the words from the first column to the words from the second one:
- •4. Give definitions to the following words and word combinations:
- •5. Use the lexical units from the exercise above in the sentences of your own.
- •6. Translate the following sentences from Russian into English using the lexical units from the previous exercises:
- •Nato: Security Challenges and Risks
- •1. Answer the following questions:
- •Nato-Russia Relations
- •1. Say whether the statements are true or false. Give the correct variant:
- •2. Answer the questions on the text:
- •3. Comment on the following statements:
- •1. Complete the following table:
- •2. Using the table, speak about the ways of cooperation between nato and Russia.
- •1. Translate the following words and word combinations from English into Russian:
- •2. Translate the following words and word combinations from Russian into English:
- •3. Find the words in the text that correspond to the following:
- •1. Say whether the following statements are true or false:
- •2. Answer the following questions:
- •1. Translate the following lexical units from the text from English into Russian, prepare questions with these lexical units, based on the text:
- •2. Translate the following word-combinations from Russian into English, restore the context of their use:
- •3. Find the words and word combinations that mean approximately the same in the text, use these lexical units in the examples of your own:
- •4. Fill in the gaps using the words and word combinations from the previous exercises:
- •5. How do you call people who live in the following countries?
- •The Structure and Objectives of the eu
- •1. Note the pronunciation of the following words:
- •2. Watch the pronunciation and spelling of the words and word-combinations:
- •1. Say whether these statements are true or false:
- •2. Answer the following questions:
- •1. Translate the following lexical units from the text from English into Russian, prepare questions with these lexical units, based on the text:
- •2. Translate the following word-combinations from Russian into English, restore the context of their use:
- •3. Find the words and word-combinations that mean approximately the same in the text, use these lexical units in the examples of your own:
- •4. Find the odd-one-out:
- •5. Fill in the gaps of the following sentences using active vocabulary:
- •1. What do theses abbreviations stand for? Characterize each of them:
- •2. Use the following words and word combinations to make up the summary of the text (not less than 15 sentences):
- •1. Основные институты Евросоюза
- •Международные организации
3. Match the words from the first column to the words from the second one:
a. alliance 1. chair
b. essential 2. threaten
c. safeguard 3. protect, secure
d. affect 4. union
e. deal with problems 5. vital, very important
f. intimidate 6. influence
g. preside over 7. resolve
h. principal 8. main, major
i. bedrock 9. basic principles
4. Give definitions to the following words and word combinations:
1. alliance
2. bedrock
3. the rule of law
4. common commitment to something
5. cohesion
6. basic security challenges
7. indispensable
8. forum for consultations
9. fields of common concern
10. inter-governmental
11. sovereignty
12. consensus
13. operational forces
5. Use the lexical units from the exercise above in the sentences of your own.
6. Translate the following sentences from Russian into English using the lexical units from the previous exercises:
Основными способами разрешения конфликтов являются проведение мирных переговоров, участие посредников, а также отказ от применения силы.
Одним из основополагающих принципов Конституции любого демократического государства является верховенство закона.
Распространение оружия массового поражения, наркоторговля, глобальный терроризм представляют угрозу безопасности и стабильности во всем мире.
В особых случаях, при угрозе безопасности отдельного государства или всего мирового сообщества, Совет Безопасности ООН может собраться для экстренного заседания.
Многие европейские государства объединили свои усилия в деле сохранения мира и стабильности в регионе, решения наиболее актуальных проблем, а также соблюдения прав человека.
Talking Point
Discuss the following questions in groups. Share your ideas with the class:
1. Does NATO need any standing army?
2. Is NATO the right organization to assume the regional security responsibilities in Europe?
3. Are the peace-keeping missions of NATO effective? Give examples.
4. Can fears that NATO may potentially abuse its military might translate into tensions and insecurity in Europe?
Speaking
Speak on the topic “NATO: its role and tasks today”.
Find an article in the current press concerning the present day activities of NATO in different parts of the world. Prepare the analysis of the article.
Part 2
Nato: Security Challenges and Risks
Warm-up
Discuss the following question in groups. Share your ideas with the class;
What possible risks and challenges might pose a threat to the security of the Alliance?
Pronunciation
Watch the pronunciation of the following words and word combinations. If necessary consult a dictionary:
strategic environment
at the periphery
ethnic and religious rivalries
the abuse of human rights
adversaries
weaponry
sabotage
Reading
Read the text and compare the ideas from the text with your own ones:
Despite positive developments in the strategic environment and the fact that large-scale conventional aggression against the Alliance is highly unlikely, the possibility of such a threat emerging over the longer terms exists. The security of the Alliance remains subject to a wide variety of military and non-military risks which are multi-directional and often difficult to predict.
These risks include uncertainty and instability in and around the Euro-Atlantic area and the possibility of regional crises at the periphery of the Alliance, which could evolve rapidly. Some countries in and around the Euro-Atlantic area face serious economic, social and political difficulties. Ethnic and religious rivalries, territorial disputes, inadequate and failed efforts at reform, the abuse of human rights, and the dissolution of states can lead to local and even regional instability. The resulting tensions could lead to crises affecting Euro-Atlantic stability, to human suffering, and to armed conflicts. Such tensions could affect the security of the Alliance by spilling over into neighbouring states, including NATO countries, or in other ways, and could also affect the security of other countries.
The existence of powerful nuclear forces outside the Alliance also constitutes a significant factor which the Alliance has to take into account if security and stability in the Euro-Atlantic area are to be maintained.
The proliferation of NBC (Nuclear, Bacteriological and Chemical) weapons and their means of delivery remains a matter of serious concern. In spite of progress in strengthening international non-proliferation regimes, major challenges with respect to proliferation remain. The Alliance recognizes that proliferation can occur despite efforts to prevent it and can pose a direct military threat to the Allies’ populations, territory, and forces. Some states, including on NATO’s periphery and other regions, sell, acquire or try to acquire NBC weapons and delivery means. Commodities and technology that could be used to build these weapons of mass destruction and their delivery means are becoming more common, while detection and prevention of illicit trade in these materials and know-how continues to be difficult. Non-state actors have shown the potential to create and use some of these weapons.
The global spread of technology that can be of use in the production of weapons may result in the greater availability of sophisticated military capabilities, permitting adversaries to acquire highly capable offensive and defensive air, land and sea-borne systems, cruise missiles, and other advanced weaponry. In addition, state and non-state adversaries may try to exploit the Alliance’s growing reliance on information systems through information operations designed to disrupt such systems. They may attempt to use strategies of this kind to counter NATO’s superiority in traditional weaponry.
Alliance’s security interests can also be affected by other risks of a wider nature, including acts of terrorism, sabotage and organized crime, and by the disruption of the flow of vital resources. The uncontrolled movement of large numbers of people, particularly as a consequence of armed conflicts, can also pose problems of security and stability affecting the Alliance. Arrangements exist within the Alliance for consultation among the Allies under Article 4 of the Washington Treaty and, where appropriate, co-ordination and their efforts including their responses to risks of this kind.
Scanning