[Keith Allman] Oxford Handbook Of Anaesthesia

a,?8.("-"'6.8'6,"C %'56,6C

%8;#$C

[-"'6.8'.,#(=+4?6("+'(#;11;-(#"46'6C

e"-"?'1'-.(,-&;2&'6L

N;++'#.,;-(;A("-@(4-='+2@,-?(#"46'C

%5'#,A,#(.+'".1'-.(;A(".+,"2('#.;5,#6(,6(4--'##'6"+@(4-2'66(+4-6(;A(".+,"2(."#8@#"+=,"(;##4+I6''(">;&'C

[.+,"2(A24..'+("-=(".+,"2(."#8@#"+=,"

[-('#.;5,#(A;#46(='5;2"+,B'6("-@/8'+'(/,.8,-(.8'(".+,"C(J8'(".+,"(#;-.+"#.(A"6.'+(.8"-(OW_h1,-("-=(*(/"&'6(#"-(>'(6''-(645'+,15;6'=(;-(.8' J(/"&'6(;A(.8'(5+'#'=,-?(>'".6C(K-(".+,"2(A24..'+(.8'+'(,6(-;(A2".(>"6'2,-'(>'./''-(*(/"&'6("-=(.8'(.@5,#"2(k6"/I.;;.8l(5"..'+-(;A(A24..'+(/"&'6 ,6(>'(6''-C([.+,"2(."#8@#"+=,"(,6(4-#;11;-(,-("=42.6C([.+,"2(."#8@#"+=,"("-=(A24..'+(1"@(;##4+(/,.8("-@($,-=(;A(>2;#$G('C?C(QLOG(TLO('.#C([.+,"2

."#8@#"+=,"(,6(.@5,#"22@("(5"+;E@61"2("++8@.81,"(5+'6'-.,-?(/,.8(,-.'+1,..'-.(."#8@#"+=,"h5"25,.".,;-6("-=(1"@(>'(5+'#,5,.".'=(>@

"-"'6.8'6,"("-=(64+?'+@C(K.(,6("66;#,".'=(,-(5"+.,#42"+(/,.8(+8'41".,#(&"2&42"+(=,6'"6'("6(/'22("6(,6#8"'1,#("-=(8@5'+.'-6,&'(8'"+.(=,6'"6'

"-=(#"-(>'(6''-(,-(/,.8(1,.+"2(&"2&'(5+;2"56'C(K.(1"@(5+'#'='(.8'(;-6'.(;A(5'+1"-'-.(".+,"2(A,>+,22".,;-C([.+,"2(."#8@#"+=,"(/,.8(QLO(>2;#$(,6 #8"+"#.'+,6.,#(;A(=,?,."2,6(.;E,#,.@C

e"-"?'1'-.(,6("6(A;22;/6L

J8,6("++8@.81,"(,6(&'+@(6'-6,.,&'(.;(6@-#8+;-,B'=(=,+'#.(#4++'-.(#"+=,;&'+6,;-I.8'+'(,6("(64##'66(+".'(;A(-'"+2@(O__sC(J8'+'A;+'G(,-(.8' "-"'6.8'.,B'=(5".,'-.(/,.8("-@(='?+''(;A(#"+=,;&"6#42"+(#;15+;1,6'G(.8,6(68;42=(>'(.8'(A,+6.(2,-'(;A(.+'".1'-.C

N"+;.,=(6,-46(1"66"?'("-=("='-;6,-'(/,22(62;/([V(#;-=4#.,;-("-=(+'&'"2(.8'(4-='+2@,-?(+8@.81("-=(>2;#$(/8'+'(.8'+'(,6("-@(=;4>.C D.8'+(=+4?(.+'".1'-.(,6("6(A;+(".+,"2(A,>+,22".,;-t6''(">;&'C

%,#$(6,-46(6@-=+;1'(M>+"=@#"+=,"I."#8@#"+=,"(6@-=+;1'R

J8,6(,6("(#2,-,#"2(.'+1(/8,#8(='6#+,>'6("(#;1>,-".,;-(;A(65;-."-';46G(;A.'-(+'5'.,.,&'(='5+'66,;-(;A(6,-;".+,"2("#.,&,.@(6;1'.,1'6(/,.8 6,-;".+,"2(>2;#$("-=(/,.8(;+(/,.8;4.(='5+'66,;-(;A(".+,;&'-.+,#42"+(-;="2("#.,&,.@C(J8'+'("+'(;A.'-("26;('5,6;='6(;A(645+"&'-.+,#42"+

."#8@=@6+8@.81,"6(M".+,"2(."#8@#"+=,"G(".+,"2(A24..'+G("-=(A,>+,22".,;-RC(N"46'6(,-#24='(#;-?'-,."2G(,6#8"'1,#G(+8'41".,#G("-=(8@5'+.'-6,&'(8'"+. =,6'"6'G("-=(,.(1"@(>'(',.8'+("6@15.;1".,#(;+(5+'6'-.(/,.8(=,BB,-'66(;+(8'"+.(A",24+'(MA+;1(>+"=@#"+=,"R(;+(/,.8(5"25,.".,;-6C(K.(,6("-

,-=,#".,;-(A;+(5+;58@2"#.,#(5+';5'+".,&'(5"#,-?t6''(>'2;/C H;;.-;.'

O

:".8"-6;-(edG(c"\+"\(:e(MOppZRC(*'+,;5'+".,&'(1"-"?'1'-.(;A(".+,"2(A,>+,22".,;-C([-"'6.8'6,"G(WTG(XXWPYXC D&,=(H422(J'E.

H422(J'E. a,>+"+@(d;2=,-?6 !,>2,;?+"58,#(a,-$6

!"#$ %"&'()(*+,-.(*+'&,'/()(01",2()(01",2(34156."+.

!"#$%#&'$()***

78".96(:'/(,-(!;;$6 !+;"=(#;152'E(+8@.816 V'-.+,#42"+('#.;5,#(>'".6

<'5;2"+,B".,;-(65+'"=6(A+;1("(A;#46(,-(.8'(&'-.+,#2'6(>@("-(">-;+1"2G("-=(.8'+'A;+'(62;/G(5".8/"@(6;(.8'(nf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d;/'&'+G(.8'(&"24'(;A(5+;58@2"#.,#(.+'".1'-.(;A('#.;5,#6(,6

S4'6.,;-">2'("-=(,-(?'-'+"2(.8'(+,6$(;A(#"46,-?(A4+.8'+("++8@.81,"6(;4./',?86("-@("=&"-."?'6C e"-"?'1'-.(,-&;2&'6L

N;++'#.,;-(;A("-@(#;-.+,>4.,-?(#"46'6t'-64+,-?("='S4".'(;E@?'-".,;-G(-;+1;#"+>,"G("-=("-"2?'6,"C

KA(.8'(4-='+2@,-?(6,-46(+".'(,6(62;/(MuW_h1,-RG(.8'-(.8'(k'#.;5,#6l(1"@("#.4"22@(>'(&'-.+,#42"+('6#"5'(>'".6C(K-(.8,6(6,.4".,;-(,-#+'"6,-?

.8'(+".'(46,-?(KV(".+;5,-'(;+(?2@#;5@++;2".'(1"@(>'('AA'#.,&'C

V'-.+,#42"+(."#8@#"+=,"

K-(.8,6(+8@.81("(A;#46(,-(.8'(&'-.+,#42"+(146#2'(='5;2"+,B'6(".(8,?8(A+'S4'-#@C(0E#,.".,;-(65+'"=6(.8+;4?8(.8'(&'-.+,#2'6(>@("-(">-;+1"2 5".8/"@("-=(.8'+'A;+'(.8'(nf%(#;152'E'6("+'(/,='("-=(">-;+1"2C(J8'("55'"+"-#'(,6(#8"+"#.'+,B'=(>@(/,='(nf%(#;152'E'6(/8,#8(1"@(>' 62,?8.2@(,++'?42"+(;+(&"+@(,-(68"5'C(*(/"&'6(1"@(>'(6''-(,A(.8'+'(,6([V(=,66;#,".,;-C

J8,6(,6("(6'+,;46G(5;.'-.,"22@(2,A'I.8+'".'-,-?("++8@.81,"C(K.(1"@(>'(.+,??'+'=(,-.+"I;5'+".,&'2@(>@L

8@5;E," 8@5;.'-6,;- A24,=(;&'+2;"=

'2'#.+;2@.'(,1>"2"-#'(M2;/(^mG(e?mG('.#CR 1@;#"+=,"2(,6#8"'1,"

,-\'#.,;-(;A("=+'-"2,-'G(;+(;.8'+(#".'#8;2"1,-'6C

e"-"?'1'-.(;A(VJ(,6("6(A;22;/6L

%@-#8+;-,B'=(=C#C(#"+=,;&'+6,;-(MQ__(3(.8'-(TX_(3R(,6(.8'(A,+6.I2,-'(.+'".1'-.(,A(.8'(5".,'-.(,6(8"'1;=@-"1,#"22@(4-6.">2'C(J8,6(,6(6"A'

"-=('AA'#.,&'C(K.(/,22(+'6.;+'(6,-46(+8@.81(,-(&,+.4"22@(O__s(;A(#"6'6C(KA(.8'(VJ(,6(5426'2'66(;+(&'+@(+"5,=G(6@-#8+;-,B".,;-(,6(4--'#'66"+@C D.8'+/,6'(6@-#8+;-,B".,;-(,6(46'=(.;("&;,=("(k68;#$(;-(Jl(58'-;1'-;-G(/8,#8(1"@(,-,.,".'(VHC(KA(.8'(5".,'-.(2"56'6(>"#$(,-.;(VJG(=+4?6 64#8("6(2,=;#",-'(M2,?-;#",-'R(;+("1,;="+;-'(1"@(>'(?,&'-(.;(646 .",-(6,-46(+8@.81C

a,=;#",-'(M2,?-;#",-'R(?,&'-("6("(O__(1?(>;246(+'6.;+'6(6,-46(+8@.81(,-(T_PU_s(;A(#"6'6("-=(1"@(>'(A;22;/'=(>@("(1",-.'-"-#' ,-A46,;-(;A(U(1?h1,-(A;+(T_(1,-G(.8'-(Q(1?h1,-(A;+(Q(8G("-=(.8'-(O(1?h1,-C

*CpTZ

V'+"5"1,2(,6(,-'AA'#.,&'(,-(VJ("-=(1"@(/;+6'-(8@5;.'-6,;-(;+(5+'#,5,.".'(#"+=,"#(A",24+'C

D.8'+(=+4?6(/8,#8(1"@(>'(46'=(,A(2,=;#",-'(M2,?-;#",-'R(A",26(,-#24='L

[1,;="+;-'(T__(1?(KV(&,"(#'-.+"2(&'-;46(#".8'.'+(;&'+(O(8(A;22;/'=(>@(p__(1?(;&'+(QT(8C

*+;#",-"1,='(O__(1?(KV(;&'+(W(1,-(A;22;/'=(>@(;-'(;+(./;(A4+.8'+(>;246'6(>'A;+'(#;11'-#,-?(,-A46,;-(".(T(1?h1,-C

%;."2;2(O__(1?(KV(;&'+(W(1,-G(8"6(>''-(68;/-(.;(>'(>'..'+(.8"-(2,=;#",-'(M2,?-;#",-'R(A;+("#4.'(.'+1,-".,;-(;A(VJC D&'+=+,&'(5"#,-?(#"-(>'(46'=(.;(6455+'66(VJ(>@(,-#+'"6,-?(.8'(8'"+.(+".'C

[#4.'(1"-"?'1'-.(;A(>+;"=(#;152'E(."#8@#"+=,"

KA(,-(=;4>.("6(.;(-".4+'(;A(+8@.81("6641'(,.(,6("(&'-.+,#42"+(+".8'+(.8"-("(645+"&'-.+,#42"+(."#8@#"+=,"(MpZs(/,22(>'G('65'#,"22@(,A(.8'+' ,6("(8,6.;+@(;A(,6#8"'1,#(8'"+.(=,6'"6'RC

K-(.8'(5+'6'-#'(;A(8@5;.'-6,;-h#"+=,;&"6#42"+(#;15+;1,6'I6@-#8+;-,B'=(=C#C(68;#$(/,.8(Q__(3G(.8'-(TX_(3C *'+A;+1("(OQI2'"=(0NcI,A(5;66,>2'(>;.8(>'A;+'("-=("A.'+(#;++'#.,;-G("6(.8,6(/,22(8'25(/,.8(+'.+;65'#.,&'(=,"?-;6,6C

KA(.8'(5".,'-.(,6(-;.("#4.'2@(#;15+;1,6'=G("='-;6,-'(X(1?G(A;22;/'=(,A(-'#'66"+@(>@(OQ(1?(+"5,=2@(KV("-=(A2468'=(.8+;4?8G(/,22(>'(>;.8 =,"?-;6.,#("-=(#4+".,&'(,A(,.(,6("(645+"&'-.+,#42"+(."#8@#"+=,"C

%45+"&'-.+,#42"+(."#8@#"+=,"(/,.8(">'++"-.(#;-=4#.,;-

78'-(.8'+'(,6(">-;+1"2(#;-=4#.,;-(A+;1(.8'(".+,"(.;(.8'(&'-.+,#2'6G("(645+"&'-.+,#42"+(."#8@#"+=,"(M%VJR(1"@(>'(>+;"=(#;152'E("6(=,6#466'= ">;&'C(J8,6(1"@(;##4+G(A;+('E"152'G(,A(.8'+'(,6("(>4-=2'(>+"-#8(>2;#$C(%;1'.,1'6(.8'(>4-=2'(>+"-#8(>2;#$(1"@(>'(=4'(.;(,6#8"'1,"("-=(;-2@ "55'"+(".(8,?8(8'"+.(+".'6(M+".'(+'2".'=(">'++"-.(#;-=4#.,;-RC(%VJ6(1"@(>'(=4'(.;("-(">-;+1"2(;+("##'66;+@(5".8/"@(M"6(,-(.8'(7;2AI

*"+$,-6;-I78,.'(6@-=+;1'RG(>4.(.8'(#;152'E(/,22(>'(;A(-;+1"2(/,=.8(,A(#;-=4#.,;-(,-(.8'("##'66;+@(5".8/"@(,6(+'.+;?+"='(M,C'C(,.(,6(.8'(-;+1"2 5".8/"@(.8".(,-,.,".'6(.8'(nf%(#;152'ERG(>4.(>+;"=(#;152'E(,A(#;-=4#.,;-(,6("-.'+;?+"='(,-(.8'("##'66;+@(5".8/"@C([='-;6,-'(1"@(>'(46'= =,"?-;6.,#"22@(.;(62;/([V(#;-=4#.,;-("-=(/,22(;A.'-(+'&'"2(.8'(4-='+2@,-?(+8@.81(,A(,.("+,6'6(A+;1(">;&'(.8'(&'-.+,#2'6C(K-(.8'(#"6'(;A(%VJ(,.(1"@ "26;(+'642.(,-(#;-&'+6,;-(.;(6,-46(+8@.81C(K-(5+"#.,#'G(8;/'&'+G("22(>+;"=(#;152'E(."#8@#"+=,"6(68;42=(>'(.+'".'=("6(&'-.+,#42"+(."#8@#"+=,"(,A

.8'+'(,6("-@(=;4>.C

V'-.+,#42"+(A,>+,22".,;-(M6''(5"?'(ZQXR

J8,6(+'642.6(,-(#"+=,"#("++'6.C(J8'+'(,6(#8";.,#("-=(=,6;+?"-,B'=(#;-.+"#.,;-(;A(&'-.+,#42"+(146#2'("-=(-;(nf%(#;152'E'6(#"-(>'(,='-.,A,'=(;-

.8'(0NcC(e"-"?'1'-.(,-&;2&'6(,11'=,".'(=,+'#.(#4++'-.(#"+=,;&'+6,;-("6(5'+('6.">2,68'=(+'646#,.".,;-(5+;.;#;2(MQ__(3G(Q__(3G(.8'+'"A.'+(TX_(3RC

!"#$ %"&'()(*+,-.(*+'&,'/()(01",2()(01",2(34156."+.

!"#$%#&'$()***

78".96(:'/(,-(!;;$6

N;-=4#.,;-(">-;+1"2,.,'6h8'"+.(>2;#$(M6''(5C(T_R

e"-"?'1'-.(;A(,-.+"I;5'+".,&'(8'"+.(>2;#$(,6("6(A;22;/6L

[.+;5,-'(,6(+"+'2@('AA'#.,&'C

KA(8@5;.'-6,;-(,6(5+;A;4-=(.8'-("-(,6;5+'-"2,-'(,-A46,;-(#"-(>'(46'=(.;(.'15;+,B'L(OPO_(x?h1,-(M=,24.'(_CQ(1?(,-(W__(12(;A(Ws(?24#;6' ;+(6"2,-'("-=(.,.+".'(.;('AA'#.(MQPQ_(12h1,-(,A(Y_($?RRC

J+"-6#4."-';46(5"#,-?(,6(+"+'2@(5+"#.,#"2(,-(.8'".+'(>'#"46'(;A(=,AA,#42.@(6,.,-?(.8'(5;6.'+,;+(5"=C(D'6;58"?'"2(5"#,-?(,6('AA'#.,&'I.8' '2'#.+;='(,6(5"66'=(,-.;(.8'(;'6;58"?46(2,$'("(-"6;?"6.+,#(.4>'("-=(#;--'#.'=(.;(.8'(5426'(?'-'+".;+C(J8'(5;6,.,;-(#"-(>'("=\46.'= 4-.,2(.8'+'(,6(&'-.+,#42"+(#"5.4+'C(J+"-6&'-;46(5"#,-?(,6(>;.8(1;+'(+'2,">2'G('AA'#.,&'("-=(+'2".,&'2@('"6@C([(%/"-(c"-B(68'".8(;A "='S4".'(6,B'(.;(5"66(.8'(/,+'(,6(,-6'+.'=(,-.;(.8'(,-.'+-"2(\4?42"+(;+(64>#2"&,"-(&',-(M.8,6(#"-(>'(=;-'(/8,2'(;.8'+('S4,51'-.(,6 >',-?(#;22'#.'=RC([(>"22;;-(.,55'=(5"#,-?(/,+'(,6(.8'-(,-6'+.'=(.;(.8'(Q_(#1(1"+$C(J8'(>"22;;-(,6(,-A2".'=("-=("(5426'(?'-'+".;+

#;--'#.'=(".(W(VC(K.(#"-(.8'-(>'("=&"-#'=G(".+,"2(#"5.4+'(,6(;A.'-(6''-(A;22;/'=(>@(&'-.+,#42"+(#"5.4+'C(78'-(.8,6(8"55'-6(.8'(>"22;;- ,6(='A2".'=("-=("(A4+.8'+(W(#1(;A(#".8'.'+(,-6'+.'=C(KA(.8'(W_(#1(1"+$(,6(+'"#8'=(.8'(#".8'.'+(,6(#;,2,-?(45(;+(-;.('-.'+,-?(.8'(8'"+.C <'A2".'(.8'(>"22;;-G(/,.8=+"/(.;(.8'(Q_(#1(1"+$("-=(.+@("?",-C

!"#$ %"&'()(*+,-.(*+'&,'/()(01",2()(01",2(34156."+.

!"#$%#&'$()***

78".96(:'/(,-(!;;$6 K-;#42".,;-(,-\4+,'6

J8'+'("+'(5+;>">2@(,-('E#'66(;A(;-'(1,22,;-(,-;#42".,;-(,-\4+,'6(5'+("--41(,-(F-,.'=(^,-?=;1(8'"2.8#"+'(/;+$'+6(MdN76RC(J8'+'("+'(.8+'' 1",-(+;4.'6(;A('E5;64+'(.;(>2;;=I>;+-'(&,+46'6(M!!VR(,-(8'"2.8(#"+'(6'..,-?6L

5'+#4."-';46(,-\4+@t-''=2'6h>,.'6h6#"25'26 >2;;=(#;-."#.(/,.8(>+;$'-(6$,-t#4.6h">+"6,;-6G('.#C

>2;;=(#;-."#.(/,.8(14#46(1'1>+"-'6t1;4.8h'@'6G('.#C

J8'(#;11;-'6.(#"46'(;A(.+"-61,66,;-(;A(,-A'#.,;-(.;(8'"2.8(#"+'(/;+$'+6(,6(>@(>2;;=I.;I>2;;=(#;-."#.(>@("(k68"+56(,-\4+@lG(464"22@("(-''=2'C

J8'(8,?8'6.I+,6$(-''=2'(,-\4+,'6("+'(/,.8(2"+?'(>;+'G(8;22;/(-''=2'6G("-=(.8'(2'"6.(+,6$(,6(/,.8(6;2,=h64.4+,-?(-''=2'6C(f,6$(;A(.+"-61,66,;-(>@

#;-."1,-".,;-(;A(>+;$'-(6$,-(;+(14#;46(1'1>+"-'6(/,.8(,-A'#.'=(>2;;=(,6(61"22C(%'+;#;-&'+6,;-(+".'(,6(8,?8'6.(A;22;/,-?(8;22;/

-''=2'6.,#$(,-\4+@G("-=(#"-(+;4?82@(>'(S4"-.,A,'=("6(>'2;/L

w(J8,6(.+"-61,66,;-(+".'(8"6(='#2,-'=(?+'".2@(,-(+'#'-.(@'"+6(=4'(.;(.8'(/,='65+'"=(&"##,-".,;-(;A(8'"2.8(#"+'(/;+$'+6("?",-6.(8'5".,.,6(!G /8,#8(5+;&,='6(5+;.'#.,;-(,-(45(.;(p_s(;A(+'#,5,'-.6C

*+'&'-.,;-(;A(,-A'#.,;-(/,.8(>2;;=I>;+-'(&,+46'6

0-64+'(@;4("+'('AA'#.,&'2@(&"##,-".'=("?",-6.(d!VC(%;1'(O_s(;A(5';52'(A",2(.;(+'65;-=("='S4".'2@(.;("(5+,1"+@(#;4+6'(;A(&"##,-'G(6; +'65;-6'(146.(>'(#8'#$'=C(KA("A.'+(./;G("-=(#'+.",-2@(,A(.8+''(;+(A;4+(1;+'(>;;6.'+6(8"&'(6.,22(-;.("#8,'&'=("##'5.">2'(2'&'26(;A ,114-,.@G(+'?"+=(@;4+6'2A("6(646#'5.,>2'C(|;4(/;42=(.8'+'A;+'(-''=(8'5".,.,6(!(,114-;?2;>42,-(68;42=(@;4(>'(.8'(&,#.,1(;A("-(,-\4+@ A+;1("(8'5".,.,6(!(,-A'#.,;46(5".,'-.C

J+'".("22(5".,'-.6("6(,-A'#.,;-(+,6$6t5+,-#,52'(;A(k4-,&'+6"2(5+'#"4.,;-6lL

7"68(8"-=6(>'./''-('"#8(5".,'-.(#;-."#.G("-=(>;.8(>'A;+'("-=("A.'+(/'"+,-?(?2;&'6C

N8"-?'(?2;&'6(>'./''-(5".,'-.6C

N;&'+('E,6.,-?(#4.6G(6#+".#8'6G("-=(6$,-(">+"6,;-6(/,.8(/".'+5+;;A(=+'66,-?C

7'"+(?2;&'6(/8'-(#;-."#.(/,.8(>2;;=(;+(>2;;=I6.",-'=(>;=@(A24,=6(,6("-.,#,5".'=C

78'+'(>2;;=(65,22"?'(1"@(>'('E.'-6,&'(M"6(,-(8"'1".'1'6,6G(.+"41"G('.#CR("26;(/'"+(,15'+1'">2'(?;/-6(;+("5+;-6G("-=('@' 5+;.'#.,;-C

:'&'+(+'68'".8(-''=2'6C

<,65;6'(;A(68"+56(,-(.8'("55+;5+,".'(#;-.",-'+G("-=(=;(-;.(;&'+A,22C

KA(@;4(65,22(>2;;=(;+(>2;;=6.",-'=(A24,=6(,-A;+1(.8'(5'+6;-(,-(#8"+?'(;A(.8'(='5"+.1'-.(6.+",?8."/"@(6;(.8".(64+A"#'6("-=(A2;;+6 #"-(>'(='#;-."1,-".'=("55+;5+,".'2@C

*CpUT

K-(.8'('&'-.(;A('E5;64+'

K11'=,".'2@(/"68(.8'(/;4-=h("+'"(2,>'+"22@(/,.8(6;"5("-=(/".'+G(>4.(/,.8;4.(6#+4>>,-?C 0-#;4+"?'(A+''(>2''=,-?(;A("(54-#.4+'(/;4-=C(K++,?".'('@'6(,A(-'#'66"+@C

H;22;/(@;4+(2;#"2(8;65,."2(5;2,#@G("-=(+'5;+.(.8'('E5;64+'(5+;15.2@(.;(.8'(;##45".,;-"2(8'"2.8(='5"+.1'-.h(1'=,#"2(1,#+;>,;2;?,6.h ?'-,.;4+,-"+@(1'=,#,-'(58@6,#,"-t"6("55+;5+,".'C(D4.(;A(8;4+6G(1;6.(8;65,."26(8"&'("(QU(8("=&,#'(2,-'(?,&,-?(.8'(-"1'(;A(/8;1(.; #;-."#.(A;+("=&,#'C

N;152'.'(.8'("55+;5+,".'(,-#,='-.(A;+16I"(#8;+'(>4.(1'=,#;2'?"22@(,-(@;4+(>'6.(,-.'+'6.6C *'+A;+1("(+,6$("66'661'-.(;A(.8'(,-#,='-.(M6''(>'2;/RC

e;6.(8;65,."26(-;/(8"&'(5+;.;#;26(/8'+'(.8'(k=;-;+l(,6(#;4-6'22'=G(+;4.,-'2@(+'S4'6 .'=(A;+(#;-6'-.("-=(>2;;=(.'6.'=(A;+(8'5".,.,6(!G(NG "-=(dKVC(!2;;=(#"-(;-2@(>'(.'6.'=(/,.8(,-A;+1'=(#;-6'-.C

f,6$("66'661'-.(;A("-(,-;#42".,;-(,-\4+@

!@(#;-&'-.,;-(/'(+'A'+(.;(.8'(k&,#.,1l(;+(k+'#,5,'-.l(M;A.'-("(8'"2.8(#"+'(/;+$'+R("-=(.8'(k=;-;+l(;+(k6;4+#'l(M464"22@("(5".,'-.RC [66'661'-.(;A(.8'(,-\4+@

!2;;=(,-(#;-."#.(/,.8(,-."#.(6$,-(M-'?2,?,>2'(.;(&'+@(2;/(+,6$RC

!2;;=(,-(#;-."#.(/,.8("(14#;46(1'1>+"-'(M&'+@(2;/(+,6$RtMdKV(.+"-61,66,;-(u_C_TsRC k:''=2'6.,#$l(/,.8(6;2,=(>2"='(M8,?8(+,6$RC

k:''=2'6.,#$l(/,.8(64.4+'(-''=2't8"2A(.8'(+,6$(;A("(8;22;/(-''=2'C k:''=2'6.,#$l(/,.8(8;22;/(-''=2'(MdKV(.+"-61,66,;-("55+;E(_CTsRC <''5(/;4-=6s8,?8(+,6$C

N;1>,-".,;-6G('C?C(?2;&'6(5246(64.4+'(-''=2'G(2;/'+(+,6$(.8"-(?2;&'6(5246(8;22;/(-''=2'C

[66'661'-.(;A(.8'(+,6$(;A(#"++,"?'(;A(!!V(>@(.8'(k=;-;+l

a;/'6.(+,6$(,A("(+'?42"+(>2;;=(=;-;+t'"#8(.,1'("4.;1".,#"22@(.'6.'=(A;+(d!VhdNVhdKVC d,?8I+,6$(2,A'6.@2'L

e"2'I1"2'(6'EG(6'E(/,.8(5+;6.,.4.'6G(#"64"2(6'E(">+;"=G(142.,52'(5"+.-'+6C

KV(=+4?(">46'C

!2;;=(.+"-6A46,;-h>2;;=(5+;=4#.6(">+;"=C

f'#'-.2@(2,&,-?(,-("(#;4-.+@(/,.8("(8,?8(,-#,='-#'(;A(dKV(,-A'#.,;-G('C?C(64>I%"8"+"-([A+,#"C(J8'("--4"2(;##45".,;-"2(+,6$(;A(dN76 "#S4,+,-?(dKV(,-A'#.,;-(,-(J"-B"-,"(8"6(+'#'-.2@(>''-(#"2#42".'=("6(_CQYsC

H"+(0"6.L(8,?8(#"++,"?'(+".'(;A(8'5".,.,6(!G(1;6.2@(5'+,-"."22@("#S4,+'=C [>;4.(Os(;A(7'6.'+-(dN7("+'('6.,1".'=(.;(>'(dNV(5;6,.,&'C

d,6.;+@(;A(\"4-=,#'C

d,6.;+@(;A(>2;;=(.+"-6A46,;-6G('65'#,"22@(">+;"=C

^-;/-(dKV(5;6,.,&'L(/,22(5+;>">2@(>'(;-(+'.+;&,+"2(.+'".1'-.G(6;(k-;+1"2l(5;6.'E5;64+'(5+;58@2"E,6(M*0*R(1"@(>'(,-"='S4".'(,A(.8'(&,+46 8"6(='&'2;5'=(+'6,6."-#'C(N;-642.("(cF(58@6,#,"-(A;+("=&,#'C

*CpUU

[66'661'-.(;A(&,#.,196(646#'5.,>,2,.@

d'5".,.,6(!(,114-,B".,;-(6 .".46tz6'+;#;-&'+6,;-(/,.8("='S4".'(2'&'26(;A("-.,>;=@('&'+(='1;-6.+".'=(M,A(@'6G(\46.(-''=6("(>;;6 .'+ =;6'(;A(8'5".,.,6(!(&"##,-'RC

:'&'+(>''-(&"##,-".'=("?",-6.(8'5".,.,6(!t"(k.+42@(646#'5.,>2'l(&,#.,1(M1"@(-''=(8'5".,.,6(!(,114-;?2;>42,-G("&",2">2'(A+;1(.8'(2;#"2 *4>2,#(d'"2.8(a">;+".;+@R("6(/'22("6(+"5,=(8'5".,.,6(&"##,-".,;-(#;4+6'C

f'#;?-,B'=(k-;-I+'65;-='+l(.;(&"##,-'t=,6#466(/,.8(;##45".,;-"2(8'"2.8G(464"22@(8'5".,.,6(!(,114-;?2;>42,-("=1,-,6.'+'=(/,.8,-(T ="@6(;A(.8'(,-\4+@C

N;-#246,;-

J8'+'(,6(-;(k6#;+,-?(6@6.'1lC([(>"2"-#,-?(;A(.8'(">;&'(A"#.;+6(68;42=(?,&'(@;4("(+'"6;-">2'('&"24".,;-(;A(.8'(-'#'66,.@(A;+(5;6.('E5;64+' 5+;58@2"E,6(M*0*R(A;+(8'5".,.,6(!(;+(dKVC(J8'+'(,6(-;(*0*(A;+(8'5".,.,6(NC(K-=,&,=4"26("26;(=,AA'+(,-(.8',+(+'"#.,;-6(.;(8"&,-?("-(,-;#42".,;-(,-\4+@C 7',?8(45(.8'(+,6$6("-=(>'-'A,.6(;A(8"&,-?(*0*(>"6'=(;-(5'+#'5.,;-(;A(.8'(+,6$6(;A(,-A'#.,;-(/8,26.("#$-;/2'=?,-?(.8'(A,-"2(='#,6,;-(,6(45(.;

.8'(,-=,&,=4"2C

J'6.,-?(.8'(=;-;+h6;4+#'

H'/(2">;+".;+,'6(5+;&,='(+'642.6(/,.8,-(Q(8G(6;(.8'(A,+6.(=;6'M6R(;A("-@(dKV(*0*(/,22(8"&'(.;(>'(?,&'-(;-(.8'(>"6,6(;A("(+,6$("66'661'-.C(J8' =;-;+(146.(>'(#;4-6'22'=("-=("6$'=(.;(#;-6'-.(A;+(.'6.,-?(;A(dKVG(8'5".,.,6(!("-=(8'5".,.,6(NC(e;6.(8;65,."26(5+;&,='("(#;-6'-.(A;+1(A;+ #;152'.,;-C(O_(12(#2;..'=(>2;;=(6"152'6(A+;1(.8'(=;-;+("-=(.8'(&,#.,1(68;42=(>'(6'-.(.;(.8'(2">;+".;+@(#2'"+2@(1"+$'=(/,.8(.8'(+'"6;-6(A;+ 6'-=,-?("-=(#+;66I+'A'+'-#'=C(V,#.,1(>2;;=(,6(6 .;+'=("6("(>"6'2,-'(,-(#"6'(;A(2".'+(6'+;#;-&'+6,;-(.;("-@(!!VC

KA(.8'(=;-;+(+'A46'6(;+(,6(4-">2'(.;(?,&'(5'+1,66,;-G(>2;;=(#"--;.(>'(."$'-(;+(.'6.'=(A;+("-@(!!VC([(+'2".,&'96(5'+1,66,;-(/,22(-;.(64AA,#'C([ \4=?'1'-.("6(.;(.8'(-'E.(#;4+6'(;A("#.,;-(8"6(.;(>'(1"='G(464"22@(>@("(#;1>,-".,;-(;A(.8'(;##45".,;-"2(8'"2.8

58@6,#,"-h1,#+;>,;2;?,6.h#2,-,#,"-(,-(#8"+?'(;A(.8'(5".,'-.C(J8'(5+"?1".,#("55+;"#8(,6(.;(5'+A;+1("(+,6$("66'661'-.G(."$,-?(.8'(1;6. 5'66,1,6.,#(6#'-"+,;G(.8'-(>"2"-#'(.8'(5'+#',&'=(+,6$(;A(,-A'#.,;-("?",-6.(.8'(5;.'-.,"2(6,='I'AA'#.6(;A(*0*C

K-;#42".,;-(,-\4+@(A;+16h"##,='-.(A;+16(68;42=(>'(#;152'.'=G("-=(.8'(,-#,='-.(=;#41'-.'=(,-(.8'(5".,'-.96(-;.'6C

N;4-6'22,-?(.8'(=;-;+h6;4+#'(5".,'-.(A;+(dKV(.'6.,-?

0E52",-

J8'(+'"6;-(A;+(+'S4'6.,-?(.'6.,-?t&,#.,1(1"@(>'(;AA'+'=(5+;58@2"E,6C

J8'(6"1'(&,+46'6(/,22(>'(.'6.'=(A;+("6(/,.8(+;4.,-'(>2;;=(=;-".,;-C [=&"-."?'6(A;+(.8'(=;-;+L

,A(5;6,.,&'G(.+'".1'-.(#"-(>'(6."+.'=(6;;-'+("-=(1;+'('AA'#.,&'2@

6'E4"2(5"+.-'+6(#"-(>'(5+;.'#.'=C

*;.'-.,"2(=,6"=&"-."?'6(;A(.'6.,-?(A;+(.8'(=;-;+L

5;66,>2'("=&'+6'(56@#8;2;?,#"2(,15"#.(,A(5;6,.,&'

5;66,>2'("=&'+6'('AA'#.6(;-(A"1,2@h+'2".,;-68,56

1"@(>'(=,AA,#42.,'6(;>.",-,-?(,-64+"-#'(,A(5;6,.,&'G(.8;4?8("(-'?".,&'(.'6.(68;42=(-;.("AA'#.(,-64+"-#'("552,#".,;-6C *CpUW

N;-A,='-.,"2,.@(/,22(>'(1",-.",-'=(Mc*6(/,22(-;.(>'(,-A;+1'=(;A(.8'(+'642.(/,.8;4.(.8'(5".,'-.96(#;-6'-.("2.8;4?8(,.(1"@(>'(-'#'66"+@

.;(,-A;+1(.8'(&,#.,1(;A(.8'(=;-;+(6 .".46(,A(5+;58@2"E,6(,6('-&,6"?'=RC

*;6.'E5;64+'(5+;58@2"E,6(M*0*R(+'?,1'-6

%8;42=(>'("6(6;;-("6(5;66,>2'(/8'+'(\46.,A,'=h,-=,#".'=C

K='"22@(A;+(dKV('E5;64+'(5+;58@2"E,6(68;42=(>'("=1,-,6.'+'=(/,.8,-(Q(8G(8'-#'("-("='S4".'(+,6$("66'661'-.(,6('66'-.,"2("6(.'6.,-? /;42=(>'(4-2,$'2@(.;(>'(#;152'.'=(,-(.8".(.,1'C

d'5".,.,6(!(*0*

KA(.8'+'(,6("(8,6.;+@(;A(64##'66A42(,114-,B".,;-(?,&'("(>;;6.'+(=;6'(;A(8'5".,.,6(!(&"##,-'(;-2@C

KA(.8'(&,#.,1(,6(#;152'.'2@(646#'5.,>2'(?,&'("(k+"5,=l(8'5".,.,6(!(&"##,-".,;-(#;4+6'(M'C?C(_G(OG(QG("-=(OQ(1;-.86R(5246(8'5".,.,6(! ,114-;?2;>42,-(Md!KcRC

dKV(*0*

:;("-.,&,+"2(8"6(@'.(>''-(2,#'-6'=(A;+(5;6.'E5;64+'(5+;58@2"E,6C

N;-642.(@;4+(2;#"2(5+;.;#;2G(>4.(?'-'+"22@("(#;1>,-".,;-(;A(.8+''(=+4?6L

2"1,&4=,-'(MTJNR(OW_(1?(./,#'(=",2@(M05,&,+‰RG(-'2A,-"&,+(YW_(1?(.8+''(.,1'6("(="@(MV,+"#'5.‰RG("-=(B,=;&4=,-'(Mk[rJl(f'.+;&,+‰R(Q__ 1?(.8+''(.,1'6("(="@(;+

2"1,&4=,-'(MTJNR(OW_(1?(./,#'(=",2@(M05,&,+‰RG(,-=,-"&,+(Z__(1?(.8+''(.,1'6("(="@G("-=(B,=;&4=,-'(Mk[rJl(f'.+;&,+‰R(Q__(1?(.8+''

.,1'6("(="@C

:;.(.;(>'(4-='+."$'-(2,?8.2@("6(.8'+'("+'(;A.'-(4-52'"6"-.(6,='I'AA'#.6("-=(,-.'+"#.,;-6(/,.8(;.8'+(=+4?6C(KA(,-(=;4>.G(,.(,6(5+;>">2@ >'..'+(.;(6."+.(.8'(*0*G("-=(+'#;-6,='+(#;-.,-4,-?(/8'-(.'6.(+'642.6("+'("&",2">2'("-=(.8'(6.+'66(;A(.8'('&'-.(8"6(2'66'-'=(6;1'/8".C [>;4.(W_s(;A(5';52'(?,&'-(*0*(A",2(.;(#;152'.'(,.(=4'(.;(6,='I'AA'#.6C(J8'6'(&"+@(A+;1(6'&'+'(-"46'"(.;(>;-'(1"++;/(6455+'66,;-C

J8'+'(8"&'(>''-("21;6.(T__(+'5;+.'=(6'+;#;-&'+6,;-6(.;(dKV(A;22;/,-?(,-;#42".,;-(,-\4+@(/;+2=(/,='G(/,.8(O_(A",24+'6(;A(*0*G(A;4+(#"6'6 ;A(#;1>,-".,;-(=+4?(A",24+'G(".(2'"6.(;-'(=4'(.;(=+4?(+'6,6."-#'C

J8'(A422(#;4+6'(;A(*0*(A;+(dKV(,6(U(/''$6C

d'5".,.,6(N(*0*

:;.8,-?(8"6(@'.(>''-(5+;&'-('AA'#.,&'C H;22;/I45(>2;;=(.'6.,-?

:'"+2@("22(dKV(6'+;#;-&'+6,;-6("+'(/,.8,-(X(1;-.86(;A(.8'(,-\4+@G(8'-#'("(-'?".,&'(>2;;=(.'6.(".(X(1;-.86(,6(+'"664+,-?C(d'5".,.,6(N("-.,>;=,'6 #"-G(+"+'2@G(."$'(45(.;(O(@'"+(.;(='&'2;5C(d'5".,.,6(!(6'+;#;-&'+6,;-(."$'6(">;4.(X(/''$6(,A(-;(d!V(&"##,-'(;+(,114-;?2;>42,-(,6(?,&'-C

J8'(,-A'#.'=(=;#.;+

!!V(1"@("26;(>'(.+"-61,..'=(A+;1(8'"2.8(/;+$'+6(.;(5".,'-.6C([-@(dN7(5'+A;+1,-?('E5;64+'I5+;-'(5+;#'=4+'6(8"6("(=4.@(;A(#"+'(.;(,-A;+1

.8',+('152;@'+("-=(."$'(5+;A'66,;-"2("-=(;##45".,;-"2(8'"2.8("=&,#'C(dNV(/"6(+'#'-.2@(.+"-61,..'=(.;(A,&'(5".,'-.6(>@("-(,-A'#.'=("-"'6.8'.,# "66,6."-.G(5+;>">2@(&,"("-(4-8'"2'=(/;4-=(;-(8,6(8"-=C(:;("-"'6 .8'.,6.(8"6(@'.(>''-(68;/-(.;(8"&'(.+"-61,..'=(dKV(.;(.8',+(5".,'-.6C

*CpUX

H4+.8'+(+'"=,-?

<'5"+.1'-.(;A(d'"2.8(MOppZRC(c4,="-#'(A;+(#2,-,#"2(8'"2.8(#"+'(/;+$'+6L(5+;.'#.,;-("?",-6.(,-A'#.,;-(/,.8(>2;;=I>;+-'(&,+46'6L f'#;11'-=".,;-6(;A(.8'(0E5'+.([=&,6;+@(c+;45(;-([K<%("-=(.8'([=&,6;+@(c+;45(;-(d'5".,.,6C(F^(d'"2.8(<'5"+.1'-.6C

<'5"+.1'-.(;A(d'"2.8(MQ___RC(dKV(5;6.('E5;64+'(5+;58@2"E,6C(c4,="-#'(A+;1(.8'(F^(N8,'A(e'=,#"2(DAA,#'+69(0E5'+.([=&,6;+@(c+;45(;-([K<6C d"/$,-6(<[(MQ___RC(*;6.'E5;64+'(.;(dKV(5+;58@2"E,6C(N4++'-.(D5,-,;-(,-(K-A'#.,;46(<,6'"6'6G(OTG(WTPYC

D&,=(H422(J'E. H422(J'E. a,>+"+@(d;2=,-?6 f'5+,-.6hf,?8.6 !,>2,;?+"58,#(a,-$6

*"+$,-(3G(e4+58@(eG([-='+6;-('.("2C(MQ___RC(J;2'+">,2,.@("-=(6,='I'AA'#.6(;A(5;6.'E5;64+'(5+;58@2"E,6(A;+(dKV(,-A'#.,;-C(J8'(a"-#'.G(TWWG(YQQC

!"#$ %"&'()(*+,-.(*+'&,'/()(01",2()(01",2(34156."+.

!"#$%#&'$()***

78".96(:'/(,-(!;;$6 :'+&'(,-\4+@

:'+&'(,-\4+@(,6("-(,15;+."-.(6;4+#'(;A(5".,'-.(1;+>,=,.@("-=(5+;A'66,;-"2(2,">,2,.@L

J+4'(,-#,='-#'(,6(4-$-;/-(=4'(.;(6,?-,A,#"-.(4-='+I+'5;+.,-?C(e"-@(;A(.8'(="."(5+'6'-.'=(>'2;/("+'(A+;1(.8'([%[(N2;6'=(N2",16 *+;\'#.(<".">"6'(MOpYWPpWRCO

:'+&'(,-\4+@(,6(.8'(6'#;-=(1;6.(#;11;-(#2",1(,-(.8'('-.,+'(=".">"6'(MOXs(;A(.;."2RC(%5'#,A,#(-'+&'(,-\4+,'6L(42-"+(-'+&'(MQZsRG(>+"#8,"2 52'E46(MQ_sRG(241>;6"#+"2(+;;.(MOXsRG("-=(65,-"2(#;+=(MOTsRC(a'66(#;11;-2@("AA'#.'=(-'+&'6(/'+'(6#,".,#G(1'=,"-G(+"=,"2G("-=(A'1;+"2 -'+&'6C

f'#'-.2@(#2",16(A;+(42-"+(-'+&'(,-\4+@(8"&'(>''-(='#+'"6,-?](.8'(#4++'-.(2'"=,-?(#"46'(;A(#2",16(A;+(-'+&'(="1"?'(,6(65,-"2(#;+=(,-\4+@C e"-@(#"6'6(;A(5'+,;5'+".,&'(-'+&'(="1"?'(8"&'(-;(,='-.,A,">2'(1'#8"-,61(M;-2@(ps(;A(42-"+(,-\4+,'6(8"&'("-(,='-.,A,">2'

1'#8"-,61RC(d;/'&'+G(.8'(1'#8"-,61(A;+(65,-"2(#;+=(,-\4+@(,6(='.'+1,-'=(,-(UZs(;A(#2",16("-=("(+'?,;-"2("-"'6.8'.,#(8"6(>''- "=1,-,6 .'+'=(,-(XZs(;A(#"6'6(;A(65,-"2(#;+=(,-\4+@C

['.,;2;?@

<,+'#.(.+"41"(>@(-''=2'6G(64.4+'6G("-=(,-6.+41'-.6C K-\'#.,;-(;A(-'4+;.;E,#(1".'+,"2C

e'#8"-,#"2(A"#.;+6(64#8("6(6.+'.#8("-=(#;15+'66,;-C K6#8"'1,"(,6(2,$'2@(.;(>'(#;-.+,>4.;+@(.;("22(.8'6'(#"46'6C

N2"66,A,#".,;-

J8'(='?+''(;A(="1"?'(/,22(='.'+1,-'(.8'(2'&'2(;A(,-.'+&'-.,;-(+'S4,+'=("-=(.8'(2,$'2@(+'#;&'+@L

:'4+;5+"E,"I1@'2,-(="1"?'=G("E;-(,-."#.C(f'#;&'+@(,-(/''$6(.;(1;-.86C(c;;=(5+;?-;6,6C [E;-;.1'6,6I"E;-"2(=,6+45.,;-C(*+;?-;6,6("-=(+'#;&'+@(&"+,">2'C

:'4+;.1'6,6I-'+&'(#;152'.'2@(6'&'+'=C(%4+?'+@(1"@(>'(+'S4,+'=C(*+;?-;6,6(5;;+C

*+'=,65;6,-?(A"#.;+6

*".,'-.6(/,.8(5+'I'E,6.,-?(?'-'+"2,B'=(5'+,58'+"2(-'4+;5".8@("+'(".(,-#+'"6'=(+,6$(;A(.+"41"h,6#8"'1,"C(<;#41'-.(#"+'A422@("-@(5+'I 'E,6.,-?(='A,#,.(5+';5'+".,&'2@C

%4+?'+@(,.6'2A("-=(64>6'S4'-.(5;6,.,;-,-?(1"@(5+'=,65;6'(.;(65'#,A,#(-'+&'(,-\4+@C

[-"'6.8'.,#(A"#.;+6(,-#24='(=,+'#.(-''=2'(="1"?'(=4+,-?(+'?,;-"2("-"'6.8'6,"C(J8,6(#"-(>'(='#+'"6'=(/,.8(?;;=("-".;1,#"2

$-;/2'=?'("-=(#"+'A42(.'#8-,S4'C(D5.,141(-''=2'(='6,?-(,6(-;.('-.,+'2@(#2'"+(>4.(68;+.(>'&'22'=(-''=2'6(#'+.",-2@(#"46'(2'66(-'+&' A"6#,#2'(5'+A;+".,;-("-=("+'(#4++'-.2@

*CpUp

5;542"+C(02,#,.,-?(5"+"'6.8'6,"(68;42=(>'(=,6#;4+"?'=("-=(6'&'+'(5",-(;-(,-\'#.,;-(,6("-(,-=,#".,;-(.;(6.;5(,-\'#.,;-(,11'=,".'2@ M2,$'2@(,-.+"-'4+"2(;+(,-.+"A"6#,#42"+(,-\'#.,;-RC(%4#8(58'-;1'-"("==(/',?8.(.;(.8'("+?41'-.(A;+(k"/"$'l(>2;#$6C(e,-,1,B'(.;4+-,S4'.

.,1'6("-=("2/"@6(46'(5-'41".,#(.;4+-,S4'.6C(%;24.,;-6(;A(2;#"2("-"'6.8'.,#6(/,.8(5+'6'+&".,&'6(68;42=(-;.(>'(46'=(A;+(65,-"2(;+ '5,=4+"2(>2;#$6C

%@6.'1,#(A"#.;+6(,-#24='L(8@5;.8'+1,"G(8@5;.'-6,;-G(8@5;E,"G("-=('2'#.+;2@.'(=,6.4+>"-#'6G('C?C(4+"'1,"G(=,">'.'6(1'22,.46G(&,."1,-(!OQG "-=(A;2".'(='A,#,'-#@C

%@15.;16Q

%@15.;16(#"-(;##4+(/,.8,-("(="@(>4.(1"@(-;.(5+'6'-.(A;+(QPT(/''$6C

J8'(,-.'-6,.@("-=(=4+".,;-(;A(6@15.;16(&"+@(/,.8(6'&'+,.@(;A(,-\4+@IA+;1(-41>-'66("-=(1,2=(5"+"'6.8'6,"(2"6.,-?("(A'/(/''$6(.; 5'+6,6.'-.(5",-A42(5"+"'6.8'6,"G(6'-6;+@(2;66G(1;.;+(2;66(2"6.,-?(@'"+6("-=(='&'2;5,-?(,-.;(+'A2'E(6@15".8'.,#(=@6.+;58@C

F2-"+(-'4+;5".8@

e;+'(#;11;-(,-(1"2'6(MTLORC

K-#+'"6'=(".('E.+'1'6(;A(/',?8.("-=(/,.8(5+;2;-?'=(8;65,."2(6."@C(F-#;11;-(,-(@;4-?(5".,'-.6C

*+;65'#.,&'(6.4=,'6(,-=,#".'("(A+'S4'-#@(;A(O(,-(Q__(.;(O(,-(TW_(5".,'-.6("#4.'2@G(>4.(#2,-,#"22@(6,?-,A,#"-.(2'6,;-6("+'(14#8(2'66(#;11;- ".(T(1;-.86C

ZWs(;A(#"6'6(;##4+(,-("66;#,".,;-(/,.8(c[G(OWs(;##4+("A.'+(+'?,;-"2(>2;#$(MXs("A.'+(65,-"2R(,-=,#".,-?(.8'(4-#2'"+("'.,;2;?@C

K-\4+,'6(;##4+(".(.8'(645'+A,#,"2(#;-=@2"+(?+;;&'(;A(.8'('2>;/C(e'-("55'"+(.;(8"&'(2'66(A".(".(.8,6(6,.'("-=("(-"++;/'+(.4--'2(5;66,>2@

'E52",-,-?(.8'(6'E(=,6.+,>4.,;-C

f'#'-.(/;+$(64??'6.6(.8".(.8'+'(,6(2'66(42-"+(-'+&'(#;15+'66,;-(/,.8(.8'("+1(,-(645,-".,;-C([>=4#.,;-(;A(.8'(-'4.+"2("+1(,6(>'-'A,#,"2

.;(.8'(42-"+(-'+&'G(>4.(.8,6(146.(>'(;AA6'.("?",-6.(5;66,>2'(6.+'.#8(".(.8'(>+"#8,"2(52'E46CT

[==,.,;-"2(5"==,-?(/"6('E52,#,.2@(6.".'=(.;(8"&'(>''-(46'=(,-(QYs(;A(#2;6'=(#2",16y K-(XQs(.8'(;-6'.(/"6(k='2"@'=l(M,C'C(1;+'(.8"-(O(="@(5;6.;5'+".,&'2@RC

[>-;+1"2(-'+&'(#;-=4#.,;-(,6(#;11;-(,-(.8'(#;-.+"2".'+"2G(4-"AA'#.'=("+1(,-=,#".,-?(64>#2,-,#"2(-'4+;5".8@(.8".(1"@(8"&'(>'#;1' 6@15.;1".,#(,-(.8'(5'+,;5'+".,&'(5'+,;=C

!+"#8,"2(52'E46(,-\4+@

N"46"2(A"#.;+6(,-#24='('E#'66,&'(6 .+'.#8(M"+1(">=4#.,;-(/,.8(2".'+"2(+;.".,;-(;A(.8'(8'"=(.;(.8'(;55;6,.'(6,='RG(#;15+'66,;-(M45/"+= 1;&'1'-.(;A(.8'(#2"&,#2'("-=(6.'+-"2(+'.+"#.,;-R("-=("66;#,".'=(+'?,;-"2(>2;#$(M;-2@(OXs(;A(#2;6'=(#2",16(A;+(>+"#8,"2(52'E46(,-\4+@RC *CpW_

*",-(;+(5"+"'6.8'6,"(;-(,-\'#.,;-(/"6(-;.'=(,-(W_s(;A(#2",16("66;#,".'=(/,.8("(+'?,;-"2(.'#8-,S4'C

J8'(2;-?(.8;+"#,#(-'+&'(/"6(="1"?'=(,-(OTs(;A(#2;6'=(#2",16(A;+(>+"#8,"2(52'E46(,-\4+@(M#"46,-?(/,-?,-?(;A(.8'(6#"542"RC(J8'

1'#8"-,61(/"6(4-$-;/-C

a'6,;-6("AA'#.,-?(.8'(455'+(+;;.6("+'(1;+'(#;11;-C

H4+.8'+(+'"=,-?

78'".2'@(fcG(%#84?(%[("-=(7".6;-(<(MQ__ORC(%"A'.@("-=('AA,#"#@(;A(5;6.;5'+".,&'('5,=4+"2("-"2?'6,"C(!+,.,68(3;4+-"2(;A([-"'6.8'6,"G(ZYMORG(UYP XOC

D&,=(H422(J'E. H422(J'E. a,>+"+@(d;2=,-?6 !,>2,;?+"58,#(a,-$6

O

N8'-'@(H7('.("2C(MOpppRC(:'+&'(,-\4+@("66;#,".'=(/,.8("-"'6.8'6,"I"(#2;6'=(#2",16("-"2@6,6C([-"'6.8'6,;2;?@G(p_G(O_XQPpC

D&,=(H422(J'E.

H422(J'E. a,>+"+@(d;2=,-?6 !,>2,;?+"58,#(a,-$6

Q

%"/@'+(f3('.("2C(MQ___RC(*'+,58'+"2(-'+&'(,-\4+,'6("66;#,".'=(/,.8("-"'6.8'6,"C([-"'6.8'6,"G(WWG(pZ_PpOC D&,=(H422(J'E.

H422(J'E. a,>+"+@(d;2=,-?6 !,>2,;?+"58,#(a,-$6

T

*+,'2,55(fN('.("2C(MOpppRC(F2-"+(-'+&'(5+'664+'C([-"'6.8'6,;2;?@G(pOG(TUWPWUC D&,=(H422(J'E.

H422(J'E. a,>+"+@(d;2=,-?6 !,>2,;?+"58,#(a,-$6

U

%#;..(<!G(d,>>"+=(!e(MOpp_RC(%'+,;46(-;-IA"."2(#;152,#".,;-6("66;#,".'=(/,.8('E.+"=4+"2(>2;#$(,-(;>6.'.+,#(5+"#.,#'C(!+,.,68(3;4+-"2(;A [-"'6.8'6,"G(XUG(WTYPUOC

a,>+"+@(d;2=,-?6 !,>2,;?+"58,#(a,-$6

W

d;+2;#$'+(JJ('.("2C(MOppZRC(%5,-"2("-=('5,=4+"2(>2;#$"='("-=(5'+,;5'+".,&'(2;/(1;2'#42"+(/',?8.(8'5"+,-L(%1;;.8(6",2,-?(;-(.8'(J,."-,# M0=,.;+,"2RC([-'6.8'6,"("-=([-"2?'6,"G(ZXG(OOWTPXC

D&,=(H422(J'E. H422(J'E. a,>+"+@(d;2=,-?6 !,>2,;?+"58,#(a,-$6

!"#$ %"&'()(*+,-.(*+'&,'/()(01",2()(01",2(34156."+.

!"#$%#&'$()***

78".96(:'/(,-(!;;$6 [-"58@2"E,6(A;22;/I45

MH;+(,11'=,".'(1"-"?'1'-.(;A("#4.'("-"58@2"E,6(6''(5C(ZWYCR

[-"'6.8'.,6.6(>@5"66(.8'(>;=@96(5+,1"+@(='A'-#'(6@6.'16(/8'-(?,&,-?(,-.+"&'-;46(=+4?6C(*;.'-.,"22@(-;E,;46(#8'1,#"26("+'(5+'6'-.'=(+"5,=2@

.;(6'-6,.,&'(#'226(64#8("6(5;2@1;+586G(52".'2'.6G("-=('65'#,"22@(1"6.(#'226C(<'?+"-42".,;-G(/8'.8'+(,114-'(;+(-;-I,114-'G(+'2'"6'6 ,-A2"11".;+@(1'=,".;+6G(64#8("6(8,6."1,-'G(5+;6."?2"-=,-6G("-=(2'4#;.+,'-'6C

[55"+'-.(k"-"'6.8'.,#("=&'+6'(=+4?(+'"#.,;-6l(M[[<fR(1"@("26;(>'(=4'(.;(-;-I=+4?(1'#8"-,616(64#8("6L

F-='+2@,-?(=,6'"6'(;+(5".8;2;?@G('C?C("6.81"G(6@6.'1,#(1"6.;#@.;6,6G(1"2,?-"-.(8@5'+.8'+1,"C [=&'+6'(58"+1"#;2;?,#"2('AA'#.(+'2".'=(.;(?'-'.,#(6.".46G('C?C("-?,;I;'='1"C

e"#8,-'(;+(;5'+".;+('++;+C [(&"6;&"?"2('5,6;='C

<+4?(,-&;2&'=(+'"#.,;-6(1"@(>'L

J+4'("22'+?,#(+'"#.,;-6L(.@5'(O("-"58@2"E,6(MK?0(1'=,".'=R(;+(.@5'(T(,114-'(#;152'E(MK?c(1'=,".'=RC

*6'4=;"22'+?,#(;+("-"58@2"#.;,=(+'"#.,;-6L(=,+'#.(8,6."1,-'(+'2'"6'(>@("#.,&'("?'-.(;+(,-=,+'#.(+'2'"6'(>@(#;152'1'-.("#.,&".,;-C

N2,-,#"22@G("-"58@2"#.,#(+'"#.,;-6(1"@(>'(,-=,6.,-?4,68">2'(A+;1("-"58@2"#.;,=(+'65;-6'6(,-(.8".(.8'('-=(5;,-.G(1"6.(#'22(='?+"-42".,;-G(,6

.8'(6"1'C(d;/'&'+G(2,A'I.8+'".'-,-?(+'"#.,;-6("+'(1;+'(2,$'2@(.;(>'(,114-'(1'=,".'=("-=(.8,6(,152,'6(5+'&,;46('E5;64+'(.;(.8'(.+,??'+,-? "?'-.C(:'4+;146#42"+(>2;#$,-?("?'-.6("+'(+'65;-6,>2'(A;+(X_PYWs(;A(6'+,;46([[<fG(1;+'(.8"-(8"2A(;A(/8,#8(;##4+(;-(A,+6.(#;-."#.(/,.8(.8'(=+4?C d;/'&'+G(.8'(S4".'+-"+@("11;-,41(?+;45(A;4-=(,-(146#2'(+'2"E"-.6(,6(/,='2@(5+'6'-.(,-(;.8'+(=+4?6G(A;;=6G(#;61'.,#6G("-=(8",+(#"+' 5+;=4#.6C(J8,6(#;42=('E52",-(/8@("-"58@2"E,6(.;(146#2'(+'2"E"-.6(,6(A,&'(.;(.'-(.,1'6(1;+'(#;11;-(,-(A'1"2'6C(!'-B@2,6;S4,-;2;-'6

M".+"#4+,41G(#,6I".+"#4+,41G(1,&"#4+,41R("-=(64E"1'.8;-,41("+'(+'65;-6,>2'(A;+("(?+'".'+(-41>'+(;A([[<f(.8"-("1,-;6.'+;,=6

M5"-#4+;-,41G(&'#4+;-,41G(+;#4+;-,41RC

[-.,>,;.,#(6'-6,.,&,.@

*'-,#,22,-(+'"#.,;-6("+'(A+'S4'-.2@(K?0(1'=,".'=(>4.(6'2=;1("6(6'&'+'("6([[<fC(J8'(,-#,='-#'(;A(#+;66I+'"#.,&,.@(.;(#'58"2;65;+,-6(,-(5".,'-.6 /,.8(5'-,#,22,-("22'+?@(,6(5+;>">2@(">;4.(ZsC(0&'-(.8'-G(#+;66I+'"#.,&,.@(,6(;A.'-(,-#;152'.'("-=(#'58"2;65;+,-6(#"-(>'(?,&'-(.;(1;6.(5".,'-.6C KAG(8;/'&'+G(.8'+'(,6("(8,6.;+@(;A("(6'&'+'(5'-,#,22,-(+'"#.,;-G(-',.8'+(#'58"2;65;+,-6(-;+(,1,5'-'1(68;42=(>'(46'=C(J8'("-.,?'-,#(6.,14246(,6 464"22@(.8'(vI2"#."1(?+;45C

[??+'?".'(M,114-'(#;152'E(;+(.@5'(TR("-"58@2"E,6

[-("??+'?".'(,6("(=+4?I"-.,>;=@(#;152'EG(/8,#8("#.,&".'6(#;152'1'-.(>@(.8'(#2"66,#"2(5".8/"@G(2'"=,-?(.;(1'=,".;+(+'2'"6'C([??+'?".'6("+' A;+1'=(/8'-(2"+?'(5"+.,#2'6(M'C?C(#;22;,=(6;24.,;-6R("+'(,-A46'=G(;+(>@(+"5,=(>;246(,-\'#.,;-(;A("(=+4?(,-.;("(61"22(&',-C(J8,;5'-."2(#"-("#.(,-

.8,6(/"@(>@(5+'#,5,.".,-?(52"61"(5+;.',-6C *CpWY

K-#,='-#'

J8'(,-#,='-#'(;A([[<f(,-(.8'(F-,.'=(^,-?=;1(,6(4-$-;/-C(K-(H+"-#'G(6465'#.'=("-"58@2"#.,#(+'"#.,;-6(8"&'(>''-('6.,1".'=(.;(;##4+(,-(O(,-

TW__("-"'6.8'.,#6(/,.8(.+4'("-"58@2"E,6(,-("55+;E,1".'2@(O(,-(X___C

*+'6'-.".,;-(;A("-"58@2"#.;,=(;+("-"58@2"#.,#(+'"#.,;-6

K6;2".'=(#4."-';46('+@.8'1"(,6(#;11;-2@(6''-(A;22;/,-?(,-.+"&'-;46(.8,;5'-."2(;+(".+"#4+,41C(J8,6(1"@(>'(.8'(A,+6.(#2,-,#"2(A'".4+'(,- 6'&'+'(+'"#.,;-6G(>4.(,A(-;(A4+.8'+(8,6."1,-;,=(1"-,A'6.".,;-6(;##4+(,-&'6.,?".,;-(,6(4-/"++"-.'=C

J,1,-?(,6(,15;+."-.C(D-6'.(,6(464"22@(+"5,=(A;22;/,-?("-(,-.+"&'-;46(=+4?(>;246C([(?+"=4"2(;-6'.(/;42=(>'('E5'#.'=(,AG(A;+('E"152'G ?'2".,-(,-A46,;-G(2".'E(6'-6,.,&,.@G(;+("(=,#2;A'-"#(6455;6,.;+@(/'+'(+'65;-6,>2'C(78,2'(+'"#.,;-6(.;(?'2".,-(1"@(>'("-"58@2"#.;,=G(,.(,6 -;/(+'#;?-,B'=(.8".(,.(#"-("26;(5+;=4#'("(62;/'+I;-6'.(.@5'(O(+'65;-6'C(a".'E("-=(=,#2;A'-"#(+'"#.,;-6(/,22(='5'-=(;-(.8'(+".'(;A 14#;6"2(">6;+5.,;-C

N"+=,;&"6#42"+(#;22"56'(;##4+6(,-(ZZsG(>+;-#8;65"61(,-(TXsG("-=("-?,;;'='1"(,-(QUs(;A([[<fC(N4."-';46(6,?-6(/,22(;##4+(,- "55+;E,1".'2@(W_s(;A([[<fC

K-&'6.,?".,;-(;A(+'"#.,;-6 %'+41(.+@5."6'('&"24".,;-

J+@5."6'(,6("(-'4.+"2(5+;.'"6'(+'2'"6'=(A+;1(6'#+'.;+@(?+"-42'6(;A(1"6.(#'226(=4+,-?(='?+"-42".,;-C(K-(&,&;(8"2AI2,A'(,6(T(8(M#;15"+'=(/,.8(T

1,-(A;+(8,6."1,-'R("-=(,.(,6(6.">2'(,-(,6;2".'=(52"61"(;+(6'+41C(%,-#'(,.(,6(-;.(5+'6'-.(,-(+'=(;+(/8,.'(#'226G(,.(,6(-;.("AA'#.'=(>@(8"'1;2@6,6C(O_ 12(#2;..'=(&'-;46(>2;;=(68;42=(>'(."$'-(/,.8,-(T_POQ_(1,-(;A(.8'(;-6'.(;A("(6465'#.'=(+'"#.,;-C(%'+41(68;42=(>'(6'5"+".'=("-=(6.;+'=(".

1,-46(Q_‚N(A;+(;-/"+=(.+"-61,66,;-(.;("-("55+;5+,".'(2">;+".;+@C(J8,6(-''=(-;.(>'(;4.6,='(/;+$,-?(8;4+6C([6("-("2.'+-".,&'G("(4+,-'(6"152'

."$'-(45(.;(U(8("A.'+(.8'('&'-.(#"-(='1;-6.+".'(='?+"-42".,;-(>@(+",6'=(2'&'26(;A(4+,-"+@(-I1'.8@2(8,6."1,-'C

!"6"2(52"61"(.+@5."6'(#;-#'-.+".,;-(,6(464"22@(2'66(.8"-(O(-?h12C(a'&'26(45(.;(OW(-?h12("+'(6''-(>;.8(,-(56'4=;"22'+?@G(,C'C(-;-I65'#,A,#(;+ "-"58@2"#.;,=(+'"#.,;-6G("-=(1,2=("-"58@2"E,6C([(8,?8'+(&"24'(,6(1;+'(2,$'2@(.;(,-=,#".'("-(K?0(+'65;-6'C

f[%JhN[*(.'6.6

f"=,;"22'+?;6;+>'-.(.'6.6(Mf[%JR(A;+("-.,?'-I65'#,A,#(K?0("-.,>;=,'6(8"&'(-;/(>''-(2"+?'2@(645'+6'='=(>@(.8'(N[*(6@6.'1(M*8"+1"#,"RC F-A;+.4-".'2@(.8'6'(.'6.6("+'(#4++'-.2@(8'25A42(;-2@(,-(#;-A,+1,-?(64E"1'.8;-,41("-=(2".'E("22'+?@("-=(8"&'("(2;/(6'-6,.,&,.@(M"(-'?".,&' +'642.(6.,22(+'S4,+'6(6$,-(.'6.,-?RC

%$,-(.'6.,-?

J8'(=,"?-;6,6(;A([[<f(='5'-=6(;-(6$,-I5+,#$(M%*JR(;+(,-.+"='+1"2(MK<JR(.'6.,-?C(K-(5+;&'-(146#2'(+'2"E"-.("-"58@2"E,6G(-;(2">;+".;+@(.'6.(8"6 >''-(68;/-(.;(#;15"+'(A;+(65'#,A,#,.@("-=(6'-6,.,&,.@C(%$,-(.'6.,-?(/,22(5+;>">2@(>'(=,"?-;6.,#(,-("-"58@2"E,6G(>4.(-;.(,-("-"58@2"#.;,= +'"#.,;-6C(J8'(5".,'-.(68;42=(>'(+'A'++'=(.;("-(,114-;2;?,6.(;+(.;("-("-"'6.8'.,6.(/,.8('E5'+,'-#'(,-(.8'(,-.'+5+'.".,;-(;A(.8'6'(.'6.6C

J'6.6(68;42=(-;.(."$'(52"#'(A;+("(1,-,141(;A(U(/''$6(5;6.I'&'-.(.;("22;/(+'?'-'+".,;-(;A(K?0C *CpWZ

F6'(%*J(,-(5+'A'+'-#'(.;(K<JC(7,.8(6;1'(=+4?6G(64#8("6(".+"#4+,41("-=(64E"1'.8;-,41G(,.(,6(+'2".,&'2@('"6@(.;(5+;=4#'("(A"26'(5;6,.,&' +'642.(/,.8(K<JC

:'4+;146#42"+(>2;#$,-?("?'-.6G(2;#"2("-"'6.8'.,#6G("-=(.8,;5'-."2(464"22@(#"46'("-"58@2"E,6("-=(6$,-(.'6.,-?(,6(2,$'2@(.;(>'(5;6,.,&'C :"+#;.,#6("-=(:%[K<6(-;+1"22@(#"46'("-"58@2"#.;,=(+'"#.,;-6("-=(5;6,.,&'(6$,-(.'6.,-?G(=4'(.;(=,+'#.(8,6."1,-'(+'2'"6'G(/,22(>' 1,62'"=,-?C

c'2".,-h='E.+"-(6;24.,;-6("-=(2".'E(1"@(5+;=4#'(,114-'(;+(-;-I,114-'(+'"#.,;-6("-=(6$,-(.'6.,-?(68;42=("2/"@6(>'(5'+A;+1'=C [6("(+42'(.8'(5".,'-.(68;42=(>'(.'6.'=(.;("22(=+4?6(?,&'-(>'A;+'(.8'('5,6;='C(f'1'1>'+("-.,>,;.,#6G(2".'EG("-=(2,=;#",-'(M2,?-;#",-'RG(,A