- •«Финансовый университет
- •Предисловие
- •Часть 1:
- •Часть 2:
- •Into the Modern Era (1950s – Present)
- •Vocabulary list
- •Writing
- •Speaking
- •Violence in Schools
- •Ian says:
- •Unit II
- •Vocabulary list
- •Text b What are Microeconomics and Macroeconomics?
- •Vocabulary List
- •Writing
- •Speaking
- •Part 2 Text a The system of higher education in the United States
- •Text b Education in the United States
- •Community Colleges
- •The Ivy League
- •Glossary
- •Unit III
- •Opportunity Costs
- •Vocabulary list
- •Planned Economies
- •Market Economies
- •Vocabulary list
- •Mixed Economy
- •Writing
- •Speaking
- •How to Choose a University Course
- •Unit IV Part 1 Competition
- •Vocabulary List
- •Vocabulary List
- •Writing
- •Speaking
- •Part 2 TextA
- •Strengths and Weaknesses of a Student
- •How to be motivated to start studying
- •Instructions:
- •Tips & warnings
- •How to be a good student
- •Instructions:
- •Unit V Part 1 Money: History and Functions
- •History of the word “money”
- •Functions of money
- •Money as a medium of exchange
- •Money as a store of value
- •Money as a unit of account
- •Vocabulary list
- •Writing
- •Speaking
- •Money and the Meaning of Life
- •Respect & recognition
- •Personal satisfaction
- •Unit VI Part 1 Forms of Money
- •Commodity money
- •Metallic money
- •Metallic coins
- •History Paper money
- •Obligations
- •Gold Standard
- •Gold Exchange Standard
- •Vocabulary List
- •Intrinsic value, bill of exchange, scarcity, durability, fiat money, nominal value, gold standard, legal tender
- •Writing
- •Speaking
- •It’s All Who You Know
- •The Effect of Part-Time Jobs on Students
- •Unit VII
- •Movements in individual prices and in the general price level
- •Measurement issues
- •Consumer Price Index
- •Measurement problems
- •Nominal and real variables
- •Vocabulary list
- •Hyperinflation
- •Vocabulary list
- •Writing
- •Speaking
- •Part 2 From College to Career
- •Navigate Change: 3 Tips to Manage the Transition from College to Career
- •1. Small Steps
- •2. Small Dreams
- •3. Big Belief
- •1. Do you prefer to study…
- •2. Do you study best…
- •3. Do you prefer to work…
- •Goldsmith to Banker
- •Vocabulary list
- •Text b The Bank of England
- •Vocabulary list
- •Writing
- •Speaking
- •Career: Economist
- •Unit IX Part 1 Globalization
- •The Pros and Cons of Globalization
- •Vocabularylist
- •Interaction, globalization, cross-border, controversial, vulnerability, interdependence, integration
- •Text b Russia and Globalization
- •Vocabulary list
- •Writing
- •Part 2 Why learn languages?
- •10 Good reasons why you should be learning a foreign language
- •Text a British educational and foreign language policy
- •I. Single European Market
- •II. European Monetary Institute
- •III. Ecb and the euro
- •Vocabulary List
- •Writing
- •Speaking
- •Part 2 Defining a 21st Century Education: At a Glance
- •Appendix I Communication Skills
- •Greetings and Introductions
- •Introductions – Social Language
- •Informal Greetings: Arriving
- •Informal Greetings: Departing
- •Travel Greetings - Social Language
- •Social Contacts: Starting a Conversation
- •Five Basic Facts
- •Hobbies / Free Time
- •Social Contacts: Speaking to Strangers; Special Days
- •Interrupting
- •Special Days
- •Social Contacts: Small Talk
- •Social Contacts: First Name, Last Name Or Title?
- •Expressing opinion
- •Making Suggestions
- •Construction
- •Stating a Preference
- •Construction
- •Disagreeing
- •Giving Advice
- •Construction
- •Contrasting Ideas
- •Construction
- •Asking for Information and Explanations
- •Construction
- •Task: Make up short dialogues using the above constructions. Demanding Explanations
- •Construction
- •Telephoning (I) Telephone English - Important Phrases
- •Telephone English - Leaving Messages
- •Telephoning (II) Business Telephone Conversation Patterns
- •Interrupting
- •Negotiations
- •Glossary
- •Negotiations Stages. The language
- •1 Opening the Negotiations
- •2 Clarifying Proposals
- •3 Exploring the Zone of Bargaining and Options
- •4 Bargaining
- •5 Entering the Critical Phase
- •Identifying obstacles:
- •6 Closing
- •The Negotiation Process
- •Language to use to show understanding/agreement on a point:
- •Language to use for objection on a point or offer:
- •Markus Opens the Negotiations
- •Appendix II
- •Summary Writing
- •If you must use the words of the author, cite them.
- •Gist Writing
- •Getting the gist
- •Appendix III
- •I. Preparation and Planning
- •I.1 Essential Preparation and Planning Checklist
- •I.2 Other questions concerning physical aspects.
- •II. Structure of an Oral Presentation
- •II.1.D Give title and introduce subject
- •II.1.E Give your objectives (purpose, aim, goals)
- •II.1.F Announce your outline.
- •II.3 The end or conclusion
- •II.3.A Content
- •II.3.B Dealing with difficult questions
- •Summary of Part II
- •III. Visuals
- •Vocabulary of graphs/chart
- •IV. A Relationship with the Audience
- •V. Body Language
- •VI. Voice and Pronunciation
- •Заключение
- •List of Literature
- •Internet sources:
- •Благодарности
- •Contents
Vocabulary List
competition — конкуренция
syn. rivalry, contest
pure competition – чистаяконкуренция
syn. perfect competition
direct competition – прямаяконкуренция
indirect competition – косвенная конкуренция
remote — отдаленный
to interfere with — вмешиваться
incentive — стимул
to lower — понижать
syn. to drive down
monopoly — монополия
oligopoly — олигополия
wastedeffort — напрасно потраченные усилия
to make investments (in) — вкладыватьсредства
toresultinsmth — иметь результатом что-либо
to substitute — заменять
available — имеющийся в наличии
to encourage — поощрять
to be subject to something – подлежатьчему-либо, подвергаться
to be restricted — бытьограниченным
syn. to be limited
to prevent — предотвратить
to outdo — перегнать
toreduce — сокращать
viable — жизнеспособный
to be sanctioned by the state — бытьразрешеннымгосударством
Notes
Competitionoccursnaturallybetweenlivingorganisms — конкуренция естественно существует между живыми организмами...
recognition — зд. признание
thepillarofcapitalism — зд. основы капиталистической системы
...only a fraction become successful — зд. Лишьмалаячастьдостигаетуспеха
internal "brand versus brand" rivalry — внутренняяконкуренциямеждубрендами
to gain benefits — зд. получатьпремии
Ex 1. Suggest the Russian equivalents:
an environment with limited resources; to interfere with the performance of their competitors; to keep prices close to costs; sophisticated technologies; products that are close substitutes; to champion the brand; economical competition; to be legally prohibited; protectionist measures; to be regulated to a greater or lesser extent; a lack of viable substitute goods.
Ex 2. Fill in the gaps with the words and expressions from the text.
Competition occurs naturally between living organisms which …… with ……
Competition can be remote, when players are …… from each other.
Seen as the …… of capitalism in that it may ……, encourage ……, or ……, competition is touched as the …… upon which capitalism is …….
The greater selection typically causes …… for the products.
The next form is …… or indirect competition, where products that are …… for one another complete.
The company was organized ……, with each brand ……, including a dedicated group of employees willing ……
……, …… or other protectionist measures may also be instituted by government in order to …… or …… competition.
A …… monopoly or legal monopoly is …… by the state, often to provide an …… to invest in a risky venture.
Ex 3. Find in the text the English equivalents for the following:
конкурировать за признание и богатство; быть изолированными друг от друга; снижать цены и совершенствовать продукцию; сокращать уровень цен; близкий к уровню издержек; стимулировать эффективность; оправдывать что-либо; более обширный выбор; приводить к напрасно потраченным усилиям и увеличению издержек; быть близкими заместителями; деньги, имеющиеся у семьи в наличии; подразделения компании; правительственная монополия.
Ex 4. Match each term with the appropriate explanation.
competition, monopoly, oligopoly, internal competition, incentive, pure monopoly
Something that gives one a desire to work harder, or to do something that he hasn’t done before.
A market in which there are only a few sellers.
The situation in which one seller or a group of sellers acting together can control the market price.
The situation in a market in which there is only one seller of a commodity and he therefore faces no competition.
Rivalry within the company, e.g. between its branches or divisions.
Rivalry between business concerns in the same market, usually in selling at the lowest price or in giving better quality or generally offering better value for money.
Ex 5. Answer the questions and do the assignments.
What is implied on the notion “competition” generally?
What role does competition play in the market?
Expand on advantages of competition for firms and consumers.
Are there any disadvantages of competition for those involved?
How has economic competition been classified? Characterize each form.
Give examples of internal competition.
What are the cases when competition may be legally restricted or prohibited? How is the pure competition regulated?
What does the notion “monopoly” imply?
Ex 6. Find in the text the words and word combinations that refer to the following notions and comment on them.
direct competition
substitute or indirect competition
budget competition
internal competition
monopoly
Ex 7. Comment on the following statements:
Competition is … an important force of the market.
Competition is touted as the foundation upon which capitalism is justified.
The psychological effects of competition may result in harm to those involved.
Competition often is subject to legal restrictions.
Text B
Competition:
A form of market structure in which the number of firms supplying the market is used to indicate the type of market it is, e.g., perfect competition (many small competitors), oligopoly (a few large competitors).
A process whereby firms strive against each other to secure customers for their products, i.e., the active rivalry of firms for customers using price variations, product differentiation strategies, etc. From a wider public-interest angle, the nature and strength of competition has an important effect on market performance and hence is of particular relevance to the application of competition policy.
Perfect competition is referred to as a model of industrial structure in which many small firms compete in the supply of a single product. Three primary features characterize a perfectly competitive industry:
there is a multitude of firms (buyers as well as sellers) all too small to have any individual impact on market price. Therefore, marginal revenue and price are equal,
all firms aim to maximize profit
firms can costlessly enter and exit the industry. Also, it is assumed that the outputs traded are homogeneous.
Perfect competition is economically efficient in three ways:
(a) In the short run, this is efficient for the allocation of resources, because it ensures that no consumer will be deterred from buying something which he values more than it cost to make.
(b) In the long run, freer entry and exit ensures new entrants will be attracted into any industry where high profits are made.
(c) Again, in the long fun, perfect competition ensures minimum-cost production.
Although the features of perfect competition make it look a poor description of modern industry, it is a realistic description of world commodity markets where many traders deal in a homogeneous product. Moreover, its very powerful results indicate that the achievement of even a partially competitive market can be advantageous. Thus, the simple perfect competition model provides a good starting point for illuminating the forces underlying the real behaviour of firms.
Contestability is referred to as the degree of ease with which firms can enter or leave an industry. A perfectly contestable industry is one in which, as in free competition, there are no barriers to entry at all. Unlike perfect competition, however, perfect contestability implies nothing about how many firms currently exist in the industry - it is possible for an efficient monopolist to exist while no barrier to entry prevents other firms from competing. Contestability theory was stimulated by W. J. Baumol in the early 1980s. He showed that the attractive features of perfect competition could be achieved merely by the threat to incumbent firms that entry would occur should large profits be made.
The threat of entry should induce marginal-cost pricing and efficient production. In practice, entry barriers do exist, and because incumbent firms can often scare potential entrants away from entering, discipline that potential competition provides is considered less effective than that of actual competitors.