I. Слова и выражения для повторения.

to supply, growth, to receive, quality, quantity, palatable, that is, grass hay, be due to, foal, brood mare, to suckle, re­quirement, body, to use, supplement, to obtain, leafy, roughage, to cause, that is why, to take care of, one, digestive disturban­ces, either ... or, sunshine

II. Сгруппируйте слова по частям речи (существительные, прилага­тельные, причастия, наречия).

functional, technically, association, regulating, restricted, unselected, climatic, gradual, independent, washable, hopeless, useful, finest, grower, defective, introduction, prac­tically, significance, artificial, constructing

Nutritive Needs of Horses

To supply all the needs - maintenance, growth, reproduction, lactation and work-horses must receive feeds of proper quality and quantity to furnish the necessary proteins, energy, minerals and vitamins. Such rations are said to be balanced. Moreover, the feed must be palatable, that is, horses must like it.

In horse feeding, especially when grass hays are fed, protein is frequently the only limiting factor in the ration. This is due to the fact that the common farm grass hays are deficient in both quantity and quality of proteins for best results. The protein in the ration is of special importance for young growing foals and for brood mares suckling their young foals. Protein requirements of the animals mentioned are much greater than those of other classes of horses.

Energy is essential for the necessary normal life processes of the animal including body maintenance, reproduction and lactation. After these requirements are met, surplus energy may bе used in performing work or may be stored as body fat.

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The proper development of the bone is particularly important in the horse. For this reason special mineral supplements are needed, but only those that are deficient and in the quantities that are necessary should be supplied. The minerals most likely to be deficient in rations for horses are common salt, calcium, phosphorus and iodine.

It is to be emphasized that best results are obtained when vi­tamins are supplied through natural sources. The combination of high quality, leafy green roughages and plenty of sunshine is usually adequate protection against vitamin deficiencies in horses.

The condition of the horses is sometimes influenced by nutritio­nal deficiencies. The symptoms of some nutritional deficiencies especially deficiencies of certain vitamins and minerals may not be visible. Yet such deficiencies without outward signs may cause great economic losses because of being unnoticed. That is why sufficient additives, especially minerals and vitamins should al­ways be present but care should be taken to avoid imbalances.

Avoid sudden changes in diet especially when changing from a less concentrated ration to a more concentrated one. This rule of feeding being ignored, digestive disturbances result. In either adding or omitting one or more ingredients, the change should be made gradually.

Пояснения к тексту

1. to meet requirement - удовлетворять потребности

2. for this reason - no этой причине 3. plenty of - много

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Запомните:

only - только

the only - единственный

Активные слова и выражения

maintenance, reproduction, to meet requirements, surplus, to per­form work, source, nutritional deficiency, additive, to avoid, only, the only

III. Выделите самостоятельный причастный оборот, переведите.

1. The cultivated pasture having been scarce, the brood mare was fed some supplementary feed.

2. Pastures being divided into paddocks, each plot is grazed more profitably. 3. Water being essen­tial to various physiological processes of the horse, the average mature horse will consume about 12 gallons daily. 4. Hor­ses being used at very hard work, more than 12 gallons of water is needed to them. 5. Certain vitamins are necessary in horse rations, best results being obtained when they are supplied through natural sources. 6. The mare being given heavy work, the foal may be weaned earlier than it is usually recommended. 7. Weaning is separation of the dam and her young, the latter being usually left in its familiar surroundings. 8. Colostrum stimulating all the functions of the body, the newborn foal must nurse as soon as possible.

IV. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на место в предложении причастия II и его перевод.

1. In addition to the type of work performed by the horse, the kind of feed consumed also affects the quantity of water received. 2. The period of horse service is largely determined by the nutrition of the animal.

•accustom - привыкать

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3. Foals accustomed to eating hay before weaning are separated from their dams rather easily. 4. At

the conference they discussed the methods of feeding foals kept on their farms. 5. The new method

of keeping new-born pigs wor­ked out by one of our hog breeders has been introduced on many

farms. 6. The brood mare needed as a work horse should be fed the same аs a work horse is fed.

V. Выделите пройденные грамматические и лексические структуры в следующих предложениях, переведите.

1. A balanced ration is the one consisting of several nutrients in proper proportion and amount in order to maintain the animal in thrifty condition. 2. High quality hay is known to be as nu­tritious as good pasture grassеs. 3. A few days after birth it is best to take calves away from their dams, provided the latter are to be milked. 4. Skim milk being low in vitamin A, calves re­ceiving it should be provided with feed rich in this vitamin un­til they begin to eat hay, silage or grass. 5. In planning rati­ons for dairy cows one should select feeds providing the necessa­ry nutrients in proper proportion as well as quantity.

6. Legume silage is much higher in protein than either grass or corn silage. 7. The more concentrated is the ration, the more water is to be provided. 8. Unless good pasture is available, grain or other protein-rich feeds may be used to provide a balanced ration. 9. For pigs to make rapid gains, they should be fed both digestible end palatable feeds. 10. Provided the quality of pasture grasses is good, no grain is required for sheep. 11. Sheep raising is likely to be unprofitable under conditions of high temperature and high rainfall. 12. The pastures to be used for sheep should not be too wet. 13. The energy requirements for work are determined by the size of the horse and the type of work performed. 14. The foal eating grain readily, a creep may be constructed for him.

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VI. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на выделенные слова.

1. This horse-breeding farm is the only one in our region. 2. Only digestible and palatable feeds are fed to pigs. 3. This is not the only horse breed raised on our farm. 4. Only mountain flocks are raised in this part of England. 5. Only healthy and vigorous rams are chosen for breeding purposes. 6. The only feed that is nearest to the ideal ration is spring pasture. 7. Obtaining high meat and milk yields is not the only problem in animal husbandry.

VII. Ответьте на вопросы.

1. Why is it necessary to provide balanced rations for horses?

2. When is protein the limiting factor in the ration?

3. What classes of horses need much protein?

4. How is surplus energy used after main body requirements are met?

5. Are there any minerals deficient in horse ration?

6. What are the two conditions that are necessary as a protection against vitamin deficiency in horses?

7. Why do nutritional deficiencies cause great losses?

8. Why should sudden changes in diet be avoided?

VIII. Переведите на английский язык.

а) излишек, добавка, выполнять работу, только, воспроизводство, потери, единственный, удовлетворять потребности, недостаточность питания, избегать, поддерживание (физического состояния животного)

б) I. Рационы для лошадей должны быть сбалансированы. 2. Белок необходим для растущих животных и племенных кобыл. 3. Большие экономические потери могут быть вызваны недостаточностью питания. 4. Необходимо избегать внезапных изменений в рационе.

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в) 1. Кормить и поить лошадей следует 3 раза в день. 2. На потреб­ность в питательных веществах у лошадей влияют живой вес ло­шади и характер работы, выполняемой ею. 3. Не следует давать лошади большое количество объемистых кормов. 4. В период ис­пользования лошадей на тяжелых работах им дают большое коли­чество концентрированных кормов. 5. Единственным кормом для лошадей летом является высококачественное пастбище.

IX. Прочтите текст и назовите номер предложения, которое соответствует следующему предложению в русском языке:

Он должен быть разделен на три части, причем вечерняя часть должна быть самой большой.

Feeding Light Horses

1. Light horses need less hay and more grain in proportion to their weight than work horses.

2. Timothy hay mixed with a small amount of legume hay is used by most horsemen. 3. Oats constitute the main grain ration. 4. The oat feed of about 10 1b. is given per day. 5. This should be divided into three feeds, the evening one being the largest. 6. Wheat bran may be used as well. 7. On days when light horses are not used grain should be re­duced to about one half. 8. Being on good pasture, they may be kept with no grain at all.

Повторение темы "HORSES"

I. Прочтите текст и выполните задание, данное после текста. Feeding Horses

Work horses are usually fed hay and grain. Timothy hay is a standard roughage for these animals. Grass or legume hay is also used in certain regions. Oats are a valuable grain in areas where they are grown. Corn is also fed. Other grains may also be used for feeding horses.

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Horses should be provided with plenty of salt and water. They drink 10 to 12 gallons of water daily and more in hot weather.

The amount of feed given to the horse varies with the quality of feed, the kind of work that the horse does and the weight or size of the animal. The larger the horse, the bigger the amount of feed given.

Pasture is very desirable for feeding work horses. Many far­mers allow horses to run on pasture at night and when they do not work. In this case roughages in the form of hay can be conside­rably reduced.

Исправьте последовательность пунктов плана к вышеуказанному тексту.

1. Water in the ration of horses.

2. Importance of pastures.

c) Grains in the ration of horses.

d) Factors affecting the amount of feed.

II. Прочтите текст и переведите предложения, где говорится:

а) о том, как кормят племенную кобылу, когда ее используют на работах.

б) как кормят жеребенка после отнятия.

Feeding Brood Mares and Foals

In winter brood mares that are not used for work are fed grain and usual roughage. They are forced to take exercise daily. After foaling if the mare is not needed for work she and her foal may be turned out on good pasture and no other feed is necessary. If the brood mare is needed as a work horse, it is necessary to feed her in the same way as a work horse is fed but she should be given more grain. Oats are the best among grains. During the day time when the mare is working, her foal should be kept in a box stall.

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Grain should be given to the foal as soon as it will eat it. It takes place at three or four weeks of age. A mixture of 60 parts of oats and 40 parts of bran is desirable. At five to six months of age, that is, at weaning time the foal will eat 2 to 3 pounds of grain par day. At this time the foal should be provided good-quality legume hay. The feed of the foal older than six months of age may consist primarily of good pasture in summer and good roughage in winter. Most horsemen feed small amounts of gra­in to the foal especially during the winter season.

III. Прочтите текст. Озаглавьте его. Догадайтесь по контексту о значении выделенных слов.

There is a considerable disagreement* among horsemen about the proper age to wean a foal. If the foal is allowed to run with his dam all the time his mare usually weans him when he is about a year old or a little earlier. However if the mare is pregnant suckling a foal for more than six months is likely to have an undesirable effect upon the unborn foal. Weaning earlier than at five months usually has an undesirable effect upon the suckling. Six months has long been a standard for the age of weaning a foal. Weaning can be done easily if the foal has been taught to eat grain early. Whole oats is the best feed for foals, especially if the latter have access to grain in the creep which is so constructed that foals can enter it but mares cannot. The weanlings should be provided with good, green, leafy legume hay and good pasture, if possible. Clean water must be available at all times.

2. Прочтите текст еще раз. Разделите его на два абзаца и выделите основную мысль каждого из них по-английски.

*disagreement - разногласие

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Lesson 18

ТЕМА: Systems of poultry keeping

Грамматика и лексика:

1. Сложное подлежащее и сложное дополнение с инфинитивом в сложной форме, § 10

2. Усилительная конструкция "it is...that" § 21

3. Значения слова "It" § 25 (повторение)