Components of the automobile

Basically, the automobile consists of the three parts: the power plant, or the engine, the chassis and the body. To these may be added the accessories: the heater, lights, radio, speedometer and other devices.

The power plant or engine is the source of power that makes the wheels rotate and the car move. It includes electric, fuel, cooling and lubricating systems. Most automobile engines have si[ or eight cylinders.

The chassis consists of a power train, frame with axles, wheels and springs. The chassis includes brakes and steering system.

The power train carries the power from the engine to the car wheels and contains the clutch, gearbox, propelleror cardan shaft, differential and the final drive.

The clutch is a friction device connecting (or disconnecting) the engine crankshaft to the gears in the gearbox. It is used for freeing the gearbox from the engine and is controlled by the clutch pedal.

Brakes are important mechanisms of the car. They are used to slow or to stop the car. Most braking systems in use today are hydraulic. They are operated by the brake pedal. When the driver pushes down on the brake pedal they are applied and the car stops.

Vocabulary Notes

1. power plant – силовое оборудование

2. chassis – шасси

3. lubricating system – смазочная система

4. power train – трансмисия (силовая передача)

5. frame – рама

6. steering system – система рулевого управления

7. brakes – тормоза

8. axle – ось

9. body – кузов

10. springs – рессоры

11. clutch pedal – педаль сцепления

12. gears – шестерня

13. gearbox – коробка передач

14. propeller shaft – карданный вал

15. final drive – главная передача

16. differential – диференциальный механизм

17. friction device – фрикционное устройство

Exercise 6. Finish the sentences with a suitable word.

1. The mechanism used for stopping the car is …

1. clutch

2. gearbox

3. brakes

2. The mechanism used for changing the speed is …

1. clutch

2. gearbox

3. brakes

3. The mechanism used for connecting (or disconnecting) the engine from the gearbox is …

1. brakes

2. clutch

3. steering system

4. The unit carrying the power from the engine to the car wheels is …

1. power plant

2. power train

3. chassis

5. The instrument measuring the speed of the car is …

1. heater

2. lights

3. speedometer

Exercise 7. Choose the correct answer to the following questions.

1. What are the main bacis parts of the automobile?	a) The clutch, gearbox, cardean shaft and the final drive.
2. What does the chassis consist of?	b) Freeing the engine from the gearbox.
3. What units does the power train contain?	c) The power plant, the chassis and the body.
4. What is the friction of the clutch?	d) A power train, frame with axles, wheels and springs.
5. Why are brakes needed?	e) To slow or stop the car.

Unit 2. Engineering.

Задание 1. Сопоставьте следующие английские слова с их русскими эквивалентами.

1.to devise a) рычаг

2.pulley b) хитроумное изобретение

3.lever c) окончательно

4.consistent with d) летательный аппарат

5.to derive e) поэтому, следовательно

6.contraption f) сортирование, классификация

7.ultimately g) тщательно обдумывать

8.hence h) проточная система

9.to mature j) товар, продукт для продажи

10.aircraft k) очистка сточных вод

11.commodity l) бобина, катушка

12.separation m) известность

13.flow system n)разрабатывать, продумывать

14.water treatment o) получать, извлекать

15.prominence p) совместимый c

Задание 2. Прочтите и переведите текст.

The concept of engineering has existed since ancient times as humans devised fundamental inventions such as the pulley, lever, and wheel. Each of these inventions is consistent with the modern definition of engineering, exploiting basic mechanical principles to develop useful tools and objects. The term engineering itself has a much more recent etymology, deriving from the word engineer, which itself dates back to 1325, when an engineer originally referred to “a constructor of military engines.” In this context, an “engine” referred to a military machine, i. e., a mechanical contraption used in war (for example, a catapult). The word “engine” itself is of even older origin, ultimately deriving from the Latin „ingenium”, and meaning “innate quality, especially mental power, hence a clever invention.” Later, as the design of civilian structures such as bridges and buildings matured as a technical discipline, the term civil engineering entered the lexicon as a way to distinguish between those specializing in the construction of such non-military projects and those involved in the older discipline of military engineering.

Main branches of engineering

Historically the main branches of engineering are categorized as follows:

Aerospace Engineering - The design of aircraft, spacecraft and related topics.

Chemical Engineering - The conversion of raw materials into usable commodities and the optimization of flow systems, especially separations.

Civil Engineering - The design and construction of public and private works, such as infrastructure (roads, railways, water supply and treatment etc.), bridges and buildings.

Electrical Engineering - The design of electrical systems, such as transformers, as well as electronic goods.

Mechanical Engineering - The design of physical or mechanical systems, such as engines, powertrains, kinematic chains and vibration isolation equipment.

With the rapid advancement of Technology many new fields are gaining prominence and new branches are developing such as Computer Engineering, Software Engineering, Nanotechnology, Molecular engineering, Mechatronics etc. These new specialties sometimes combine with the traditional fields and form new branches such as Mechanical Engineering and Mechatronics and Electrical and Computer Engineering.

Задание 3. Вставьте подходящий по смыслу глагол.

to distinguish, entered, to combine, to exist, to date back, to use .

1. We cannot______________ without oxygen.

2. If something ______________to a particular time, it started or was made at that time.

3. They _______________10 tons of coal a month.

4. I could hardly distinguish anything in the morning mist.

5. Einstein __________________school at the age of six.

6. The members decided to combine the tennis club with the cricket club, forming one sports club.

Задание 4. Дайте верное определение.

Mechanical Engineering a) design of aircraft, spacecraft and related topics

Civil Engineering b) dealing with the design, construction, and use of machines

Aerospace Engineering c) the planning, design, and building of roads, bridges, harbours, and public buildings.

Electrical Engineering d) making or working with things that are so small that they can only be seen using a powerful microscope.

Chemical Engineering e) designing, constructing, and maintenance of electrical device

Nanotechnology f) concerned with the design and operation of industrial chemical plants

Задание 5. Составте аннотации к следующим текстам.