Занятие 8.

Фонетические стилистические приёмы: аллитерация, ассонанс, звукоподражание (ономатопея).

Эвфония (euphony) – благозвучие, учение о благозвучии, инструментовка. Требования к эвфонии: The speaker discussed the source of the force of international law.

Аллитерация (alliteration):

1. в заголовках газетных статей и названиях художественных произведений:

Jane Austin’s novels “Pride and Prejudice”, “Sense and Sensibility”;

2. в разговорных клише:

Do or die, pay the price, good as gold, Monday morning, sink or swim, right as rain, poor but proud, political policy, hip hop, March madness, French fries, kill the king, baby boomer, green as grass etc;

3. в названиях компаний, их продуктов и торговых марках:

Coca-Cola, World Wide Web etc;

4. в именах литературных и киногероев:

Vincent Vega, Mickey Mouse, Minnie Mouse, Donald Duck, Woody Woodpecker, Beavis and Butt-head etc;

5. в детской поэзии, считалочках и скороговорках:

a) Swim Sam, swim Sam, swim Sam Show them you're some swimmer Swim like snow-white swans swim You know how snow-white swans swim, Six sharp shivering sharks Are gonna snap your limbs So swim Sam, swim Sam, swim Sam, swim Sam, Swim Sam, swim Sam, swim, Sam.

b) Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers. Did Peter Piper pick a peck of pickled peppers? If Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers, Where's the peck of pickled peppers Peter Piper picked?

c) She sells sea shells by the sea shore.

Аллитерация в художественном дискурсе:

1. Now Beowulf bode in the burg of the Scyldings, Leader beloved, and long he ruled In fame with all folk since his father had gone . . . («Беовульф»);

2. "... here I opened wide the door —

Darkness there, and nothing more.

Deep into that darkness peering, long I stood there wondering, fearing, Doubting, dreaming dreams no mortal ever dared to dream before."(E. Poe. The Raven )

3. Now on his homeward way he remembered that Hitler had been educated by the Jesuits, and yet hopelessly he hoped. (G. Greene, Special Duties, p.97)

Ознакомьтесь с ещё несколькими примерами, содержащими аллитерацию, и попробуйте сами завершить серию предложений, используя аллитерацию:

1) Bertha Bartholomew blew big, blue bubbles.

• 2) Dwayne Dwiddle drew a drawing of dreaded Dracula.

• 3) Greta Gruber grabbed a group of green grapes.

• 4) Hattie Henderson hated happy healthy hippos.

• 5) Vicky Vinc viewed a very valuable vase.

• 6) Walter Whipple warily warned the weary warrior.

Finish the following sentences with alliterative words:

 1. Doodling daughters __________________________________________.

2. Prickly pears _______________________________________________.

3. Studious students ____________________________________________.

4. Sunny skies ________________________________________________.

Ассонанс (assonance):

1) «...Tell this soul, with sorrow laden, if within the distant Aiden,

I shall clasp a sainted maiden, whom the angels name Lenore —

Clasp a rare and radiant maiden, whom the angels name Lenore?»

(E. Poe. The Raven )

2) Hear the mellow wedding bells. — Edgar Allan Poe, "The Bells"

3) And murmuring of innumerable bees - Alfred Lord Tennyson, The Princess VII.203

4. The crumbling thunder of seas — Robert Louis Stevenson

5. I'm hunched over emotions just flows over these cold shoulders are both frozen you don't know me. - Eminem

Звукоподражание (ономатопея) onomatopoeia: cuckoo, bow-wow, bang, hiss etc.

Ducks: quack, quack here,

quack, quack there…

Chicks: chuck, chuck here,

Chuck, chuck there …

Dogs: bow-wow here,

Bow-wow there …

Cats: miow-miow here,

miow-miow there …

Hens: tuck-tuck here,

tuck-tuck there …

Turkeys: nobble-gobble here,

nobble-gobble there …

Horses: hee-hee here,

hee-hee there …

Donkeys: hee-haw here,

hee-haw there …

Cows: moo-moo here,

moo-moo there …

Sheep: baa-baa

Pigs: oink-oink

Cock: cock-a-doodle-doo

Foals: neigh-neigh.

Звукоподражание (ономатопея) в поэме “The Bells”: tinkle, chime, toll, moan, groan.

Match the following sentences to the onomatopoeia that describes them.

A plate being dropped on the floor.	TINKLE
A balloon being burst.	BANG
A gun being shot.	SMASH
Someone eating crisps.	GROWL
A light being switched on.	POP
A fierce dog.	CRUNCH
A small bell being rung.	CLICK

• Fill in the gaps with the appropriate onomatopoeias in brackets (gush, clang, click clack, fizzle, squeal, bring bring, babble, plop, pitter-patter, hoot, ding, snuffle, splash, roar, chirp, crackle, swish):

• The baby … while playing with the toys.

• The computer keyboard went … .

• The pig … .

• The telephone went … .

• The hedgehog was … about in a pile of autumn leaves.

• The blood … like a waterfall out of the deadly wound.

• My drink … !

• Don't … those pots and pans.

• The wind … by.

• I like hearing the … of the rain.

• … went the potatoes onto my plate!

• Waves … against the shore.

• The oven timer went … when the cookies were done.

• The owl … in the dark stormy night.

• While camping out in the deep, dark woods, we lit a fire that … while it burnt.

• The lion … at the tiger.

• In the morning, I can hear the birds … outside of my bedroom.

Задания к занятию 8.

1. Дайте дефиницию эвфонии (благозвучия). Каковы требования к эвфонии в поэзии и прозе?

2. Дайте определение фонетическим стилистическим приёмам аллитерации и ассонанса. Расскажите о выполняемых ими стилистических функциях. Несут ли данные стилистические средства самостоятельную смысловую нагрузку в высказывании? Приведите свои примеры.

3. Охарактеризуйте фонетическое стилистическое средство звукоподражания (ономатопеи). Подберите собственные примеры звукоподражательных лексических единиц и проиллюстрируйте их функции в контексте составленных вами предложений.

4. Подготовьте сообщение на тему «Рифма».

5. Термины для запоминания: euphony, alliteration, assonance, onomatopoeia.

Занятие 9.

Графические стилистические средства как приём эмоционального воздействия на читателя и способ передачи особенностей звукового оформления при воспроизведении: пунктуация, заглавная буква, шрифт, микросегментация текста.

Использование восклицательного знака:

1) удивление с оттенком испуга:

“The Blue Mountains!” She held to the canopy rim with one hand, turning swiftly toward him.

2) удивление и испуг:

“Did you call?” he asked irritably. – “No!” she cried. – “I thought I heard you cry out.” – “Did I? I was almost asleep and had a dream!”

3) неодобрение, возмущение, скептицизм:

“Blue eyes! Gods!” cried Mr. K. – … – “Out of the sky; what nonsense!”

4) негодование, гнев:

“Ha!” cried the husband, turning violently away, his jaw working.

“Ridiculous, is it!” he almost screamed. “You should have heard yourself, fawning on him, talking to him, singing with him, oh gods, all night; you should have heard yourself!” – “Yll!”

5) ненависть, презрение, отчаяние:

“At it!” shrieked Poe. “The plan’s changed! Only one chance! Run! At it! At it! Drown them with our bodies! Kill them!” (R. Bradbury)

6) ироническое, отношение к содержанию высказывания:

[…] a truth, a faith, a generation of men goes — and is forgotten, and it does not matter! (J. Conrad. “The Nigger of the Narcissus”)

Использование вопросительного и восклицательного знаков:

• Мы поплывём в твоём зонтике, — сказал Пух.

• ??

• Мы поплывём в твоём зонтике, — сказал Пух.

• ???

• Мы поплывём в твоём зонтике, — сказал Пух.

• !!! («Винни-Пух и Все-все-все»)

Использование курсива:

a) “Somehow” – she tried the words – “he looked all right. In spite of being tall. And he had – oh, I know you’ll think it silly – he had blue eyes. – “Blue eyes! Gods!” cried Mr. K. “What’ll you dream next? I suppose he had black hair?’ – “How did you guess?” She was excited. – “I picked the most unlikely color,” he replied coldly. – “Well, black it was!” she cried. “And he had a very white skin; oh, he was most unusual!” (R. Bradbury)

b) And a brute beast — whose fellow I had contemptuously destroyed … […] … I started, hourly, from dreams of unutterable fear, to find the hot breath of the thing upon my face … (E. Poe, “The Black Cat”)

c) He glanced at her seriously for a moment, then downed his champagne like a Cossack in a vodka-drinking competition.

Does he know you’re not supposed to drink champagne like that? she wondered. It reminded her of Kate’s mother… […] (H. Fielding, “Olivia Joules”)

d) He handed back the paper. ‘Shukran.’

Shukran. Olivia looked down … trying not to betray any reaction. Shukran was Arabic for thank you. (H. Fielding, “Olivia Joules”)

Тире (dash) и многоточие (suspension marks):

1. Please — not that!

1. ‘I like people who apologize straight like that, instead of that sort of double-talking, passive-aggressive “I’m sorry that you felt that …” fingers-crossed-behind-the-back non-apology which puts the blame on your own inaccurate understanding of the situation.’ (H. Fielding, “Olivia Joules”)

2. ‘Who do you work for?’

‘Freelance. I’m doing a diving story for Elan magazine. What are you doing here …?’

Olivia caught her lower lip in her teeth as Morton slipped his hand onto her knee… […]. (H. Fielding, “Olivia Joules”)

Тире или многоточие с каким-нибудь заполнителем (time filler) типа er, ugh, well, so:

1. You come here after dark, and you go after dark. It's so — so ignoble. (Gr. Greene. “The Heart of the Matter”)

2. A technician was going through the shots she had taken with her digital camera.

‘What is this one of exactly?’ he asked.

‘Er…’ she said. The picture was of a muscled black male torso and thighs … […]. (H. Fielding, “Olivia Joules”)

Графическая образность: a) Autumn Leaves (Eve Meriam)

Down

down

down

Red

yellow

brown

Autumn leaves tumble down,

Autumn leaves crumble down,

Autumn leaves bumble down.

Flaking and shaking,

Tumbledown leaves.

Skittery

Flittery

Rustle by

Hustle by

Crackle and crunch

In a snappery bunch.

Run and catch

Run and snatch

Butterfly leaves

Sailboat leaves

Windstorm leaves

Can you catch them?

Swoop,

Scoop,

Pile them up

In a stumpy pile and

Jump

Jump

JUMP!

b) («Винни-Пух и Все-все-все»):

Бывало, возвращаясь домой из дальней прогулки по Лесу, Пятачок мечтал стать птичкой и уметь летать, но теперь, когда он болтался на дне кармана Кенги, в голове у него прыгали такие мысли:

называется это

это летать, на не

то никогда соглашусь!»

«Если я

Микросегментация текста:

a) They were not happy now.

This morning Mrs. K stood between the pillars, listening to the desert sands heat, melt into yellow wax, and seemingly run on the horizon.

Something was going to happen.

She waited.

She watched the blue sky of Mars as if it might at any moment grip in on itself, contract, and expel a shining miracle down upon the sand.

Nothing happened.

b) She lay back in a chair that moved to take her shape even as she moved. She closed her tightly eyes and nervously.

The dream occurred.

Her brown fingers trembled, came up, grasped at the air. A moment later she sat up, startled, gasping.

She glanced about swiftly, as if expecting someone there before her. She seemed disappointed; the space between the pillars was empty.

Заглавная буква:

a) О Music! Friend of Pleasure, Wisdom's aid! (W. Collins)

2. And Darkness and Decay and the Red Death held illimitable dominion over all. (E. Poe, “The Masque of the Red Death”)

3. People say sometimes that Beauty is only superficial. That may be so. But at least it is not so superficial as Thought is. (O. Wilde. “The Picture of Dorian Gray”)

4. «AS — I — WAS — SAYING,» said Eyore loudly and sternly, «as I was saying when I was interrupted by various Loud Sounds, I feel that?» (A. Milne, “Winnie-the-Pooh”).