joseph_j_e_language_and_politics
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160 Language and Politics
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Index
Abstand, 25–7, 40, 54 abstract objectivism, 64 abstraction, 118–19 academe, 33
accommodation see Speech Accommodation Theory
advertising, 57, 111–12, 132, 141–2 Africa, 50–1, 62n, 142
agency, 17, 53–4, 136–43; see also choice Ager, D. E., 62
Ainu, 45 Albanian, 60 Alter, S. G., 105
Americas, 49–51, 147
Ammon, U., 41, 62
Anderson, B., 27, 58 Andersson, L.-G., 107n Andrew, S., 41 Androutsopoulos, J. K., 41 animal behaviour, 2, 20n Annamalai, E., 62 anthropology, 26, 66, 117 appropriation, 53–4
Arabic, 23, 28, 30, 35, 45, 56, 69, 84n Arbëresh, 60
Archer, M. S., 116, 137–9
Aristotle, 1–2, 4, 20n, 110–13, 118, 141 Armour, W. S., 60
Aronson, E., 134 Asia, 51
asylum policy, 56 audience design, 43, 80 Augustine, St, 43 Ausbau, 25–7, 38–40 Austin, J. L., 66, 101 Australia, 56, 101–3 authenticity, 9
authority see linguistic authority
Bakhtin, M. M., 45–6, 64–5, 84, 84n
Baldauf, R. B., 62 Ballantyne, G. B., 8–9
banal nationalism, 11, 48, 58–9, 147 Barclay, J., 8–9
Bargiela-Chiappini, F., 84 Barsamian, D., 121–2 Barsky, R., 121, 134
Basic English, 118–21, 132 Basque, 49
bawdy talk, 87, 94 BBC, 117, 135n Bechhofer, F., 58 Beeching, K., 84 Belgian Congo, 50 Belgium, 10
beliefs, 26, 34, 41n, 76 Bell, A., 43
Bengali, 56
Berber, 142 Bernstein, B., 142 Bhabha, H. K., 147 Bhaskar, R., 137
Bible, 22, 31–2, 41n, 88, 98, 140 bilingualism, 10, 61, 63n
Billig, M., 11, 48, 58–9, 147 Bisong, J., 52
Blank, P., 41
blasphemy, 107n; see also swearing Blommaert, J., 62
body and mind, 96 Bolton, K., 37, 41, 62 bonding, 18, 86, 95–6 Bonfiglio, T. P., 41
Bourdieu, P., 41n, 47–8, 59, 127, 138, 147 Braille, 56
Braun, F., 84n Breitborde, L. B., 10 Breton, 85n
Britain see UK
British empiricism, 115, 142
164 Language and Politics
British Sign Language, 56
broadcasting, 39, 56, 97, 108n, 117, 133 Broccoli Theory, 141
Brown, A., 37
Brown, P., 67–9
Brown, R., 68 Bruthiaux, P., 63n Brutt-Griffler, J., 42n Burke, P., 30, 69 Burridge, K., 76
Bush, G. H. W., 13, 127 Bush, G. W., 13
Butler, J., 101
Byram, M., 62
Caesar, G. J., 13 California, 98–9, 108n Cameron, D., 77, 84 Canada, 61 Canagarajah, A. S., 53–4 Cantonese see Chinese capitalism, 139 Caribbean, 50
Carter, R., 124 Catalan, 40, 147–8 categories, 113
CDA, 126–31, 137, 149 Celtic languages, 49, 52 censorship, 96–9
Centre and Periphery, 52–4, 145 Chaldean, 46
Chan, E., 41 Chase, S., 118–19 Cheshire, J., 41
Chilton, P., 127, 134 China, 29, 37, 50, 142–3
Chinese, 25–6, 28–9, 35, 45–6, 56, 61 characters, sexism in, 76–7
choice, 17, 44, 48–9, 53–4, 133–4, 137, 143–4, 146, 149; see also agency
Chomsky, N., 41n, 114, 121–6, 131, 133–4, 136, 145, 149
Christie, C., 84
Churchill, W., 13 CIA, 14–16 Cicero, M. T., 13 class, social, 79
and swearing, 89, 107n aspiration, 10, 48 differences in identity, 142
differences in language, 34, 47, 71–3, 107n, 142
hatred, 126, 142, 144
lower-middle, particular significance of, 48, 50, 96
marking, 43, 71–3 solidarity, 54
struggle, 46, 65–6, 68, 79, 84, 115, 149 Clinton, B. J., 13
code-switching, 59, 61 cognition, 112–13 Cold War, 139 Coleridge, S. T., 44
colonial language policy, 37, 50 communication, 105 conceptualism, 113, 131, 134n consumerism see market Continental idealism, 115 conversation, 5–7, 143
Cook, Capt. J., 86 Cooke, M., 56 Cooper, R. L., 62 copyright, 18
corporations, 136, 139, 141, 149 corpus study, 125
correctness see linguistic correctness; political correctness
Corson, D., 62
Coulmas, F., 62
courts of law, 55–6, 78–9, 83, 88, 91, 110–11, 133
Courtine, J.-J., 108n Crawford, J., 62
Critical Discourse Analysis see CDA Critical Realism, 137–9
Croatian, 25–6
crowd psychology, 142 Crowley, T., 41, 41n, 84 cultural cringe, 60
Cultural Imperialism theory, 52
culture, 33, 43, 54–5, 58, 67, 113, 131–2, 138, 146
Cummins, J., 62
cursing, 87; see also swearing Cuss Control Academy, 94–5
Daco-Romance, 85n Daftary, F., 57
Dan Michel, 88 Danish, 70
Dante Alighieri, 29–30, 35–6 Darwinism, 42n, 44
Data Protection acts, 106 Davies, A., 54, 63n
Day, G., 139–41 deep structure, 124
deferential address, 68–74, 81–2, 94–5, 105, 143
Defoe, D., 89, 93–4, 104
DeFrancis, J., 25–6, 41n
Index 165
democracy, 32, 55, 110, 116, 119, 126, 131–4, 149
Dessalles, J.-L., 1
Deumert, A., 41
dialect differences, 3, 48, 59 dialogism, 65
dictatorship, 119–20 diglossia, 10, 28, 44–5, 68 Disney, J., 87, 90–3 division of labour, 139–40 Donald VI of Scotland, 91 Dua, H. R., 62
Dunbar, R., 1
Dutch, 107n
EU, 11, 132, 147 Eastern Europe, 57, 61 ecological position, 67
economy, 33–6, 48, 56, 142–3, 146 Edgley, A., 134
Edinburgh City Council, 56
education, 4, 10, 43, 46–56, 60, 98–9, 142–3, 146–8
universal, 47–9, 105, 138 Edward VII, 107n
Eelen, G., 84 Eggington, W., 62 Eisenstein, E. L., 41
elite racism, 103, 108n, 127, 131 embodied habits, 59, 131–2 emotion, 110–11, 141 emphasis, unmarked, 73, 80 endangered languages, 146 England, 69, 91–3
English, 3–4, 7–13, 23–30, 34–40, 56–7, 59–61, 69, 74–104, 117–19, 130, 135n, 136–7, 148; see also World Englishes
Asian, in UK, 60 Jamaican, in UK, 59
spread of, 49–52, 63n, 142–6 Erling, E. J., 42n
Esperanto, 36, 39, 42n, 53 Estonia, 10
ethnic cleansing, 23
ethnic identity, 58–62, 96–7 Evans, S. J., 37, 50
evolution of language, 1, 82–3, 136 examinations and class system, 48 exogamy, 44
expertise, 26, 42n, 52
face, 5–7, 67–71
negative and positive, 67 Fairclough, n, 127, 130, 134 false consciousness, 51–2, 136–7
Ferguson, C. A., 44–5, 68 feudal organisation, 22 Fichte, J. G., 36
Fisher, J. H., 41 Fishman, J. A., 41, 45, 62 Flemish, 10
foreign borrowings, 57 formalism, Russian, 64
Foucault, M., 34, 41, 47, 115–16, 127 Fowler, E., 93
Fowler, R., 126
France, 23–4, 40, 47–50, 57, 73, 127–30 Franco, F., 40, 148
Frankfurt School, 66
freedom of expression and thought, 100, 104–7, 108n, 120–1, 124, 149
Freire, P., 47
French, 10, 23–4, 28, 30, 45, 47–9, 61, 68–71, 85n, 87, 97, 143, 148
French Revolution, 73 Freud, S., 117, 139
Friends, 85n
Gabilondo Pujol, A., 41
Gaelic, 26–7, 41n, 56, 59 Galtung, J., 52
Gardt, A., 62 gatekeepers, 32 Geertz, H., 107n
Gelber, K., 100–4, 108n
gender marking see language, gendered General Semantics, 118–19 generative semantics, 126
genetic code, 136, 149 genocide, 57, 137
genres of writing and Ausbau, 39 Georgian, 84n
German, 45, 68–70, 148 Germanic languages, 25
Germany, 23–5, 28–30, 57, 116–17 Gibson, E., Bishop, 87–8, 90–3 Giles, H., 43, 109n
Gillies, W., 41n Gilman, A. C., 68 Goffman, E., 5, 67–8 Gorham, M., 117
government, 10, 55–6, 100, 106–7, 121, 127, 132–8, 141, 146–9
grammar, 3–4, 19–20, 30–1, 35, 68, 89, 143 mental, 123–6
Gramsci, A., 52, 137 Grant, F., 92 Graves, R., 107n Gray, D., 86
Greek, 20n, 20, 35–6, 45–6
166 Language and Politics
Grillo, R. D., 41
Grin, F., 56–7
Grob, L. M., 84
Gypsies see Roma
Habermas, J., 41n, 66, 101–2 habit, 88, 90–4, 117–18 habitus, 48, 132, 138 Haitian Creole, 45
Hall, Sarah M., 85n Hall, Stuart, 147
Halliday, M. A. K., 115, 126 Harris, S., 84
Hatcher, A. G., 124–5 hate speech, 99–107 Hayakawa, S. I., 119, 135n Head, B. F., 69
hearers, 43, 104, 112, 122–3 Hebrew, 23, 30, 46
hedges, 73, 78
hegemony, 17, 51–4, 127, 130, 136–7, 142–4
Henley, N., 77 Herman, E. S., 121
hesitation form, 78; see also pause filler heteroglossia, 45–6, 60, 65
Hickey, L., 84 Hill, A. A., 124–5 Hiraga, M., 76
Hitler, A., 13, 117, 119, 142 Hobsbawm, E. J., 48, 96 Hogan-Brun, G., 11 Holborow, M., 54, 77, 116 Hollander, J., 123
Holmes, J., 72, 84, 85n Honey, J., 34
Hong Kong, 10, 37, 50, 56, 61 Hopi, 114
Hughes, G., 107n Hume, D., 9 Hungary, 57 Hutton, C. M., 23
hypercorrection, 73, 80
ICCPR, 100–1, 106 Iceland, 45
identity, 139–43; see also linguistic identity; national identity
Ido, 42n
imagined community, 27, 58
immigrants, 24, 32–3, 57, 60, 103, 130, 148 immigration, 32–3, 56, 103, 128–30 imperialism, 49, 52, 121; see also linguistic
imperialism India, 50
indirect speech acts, 81 Indonesia, 71–3, 107n Indonesian, 72–3
inflation of polite forms, 69 in-group and out-group, 24, 44, 147 inner speech, 19, 21n
institutions, 10, 136 intensifiers, 78, 88
interpretation, 58, 78, 82–4, 88, 120, 144 Chomsky’s theory of, 123–6, 131–3, 136,
149 interruption, 6–7
intersubjective norms, 66 intimacy, 68–71, 94–5 intimidation, 47–9 intonation, 46, 72–4 invitation, 71, 81–2, 143 Iraq, 13–16, 130, 141 Ireland, 26, 42n, 94 Israel, 23
Italian, 29–31, 35, 56, 59, 70, 77, 85n Italian Americans, Canadians, Australians, 59,
61
Italy, 29–31, 35, 60
Jakobson, R. O., 69 Japan, 45
Japanese, 56, 76, 143 Järve, P., 11
Jarvis, S., 66 Javanese, 71–3, 107n Jefferson, G., 77 Jespersen, O., 107n
Joseph, J. E., 10, 20n, 34, 36, 41, 41n, 62n, 82, 84–5n, 105–6, 113–14, 116, 124, 134, 134n, 135n, 142, 146, 148
justice, 56–7, 83
Kaplan, R. B., 62
Kibbee, D. A., 62 Kienpointner, M., 84 Klemperer, V., 57
Kloss, H., 25–7, 38–9, 41 knowledge
linked to language, 32–6, 96, 104–5, 115–16, 145
politics of, 26, 34, 115–16 Knox, D. H., 8–9
Koran, 28
Korea, 45
Korzybski, A., 118–19 Kretzmann, N., 134, 134n Kroskrity, P. V., 41 Kulick, D., 84
Kymlicka, W., 56–8, 63n
Index 167
labels, 103 Laforge, L., 62
Lakoff, R. T., 73, 77–9, 83–4 Landau, J. M., 62
Langton, R., 101 language
academy, 94 artificial, 36
as democracy, institution, 126
as magic key, mere garment, metaphysical garbage, 113–18, 132–3
as text through which culture is transmitted, 131–2
‘big’ and ‘small’, 10, 20n, 53, 142, 146 change, 33, 36, 59, 64, 79–84, 143–4 clean, 96
colonial, 49–50, 60 constructedness of, 3, 145 E-language and I-language, 41n evolution of, 1
functions of, 19, 21n, 45–6, 83, 90, 104–6 gendered, 73–80, 83–4
heritage, 55, 146
inner, 43, 62n; see also inner speech legislation, 23–4
literary, 25–7, 35, 39–40, 105, 124 national, rise of, 22, 29–36, 44, 47–9, 96 obscene, 86–7, 94, 99, 107n
offensive, 12–13, 86, 148–9 official, 55–6, 63n, 105, 135n police state, 91–6
policy see colonial language policy; minority language policy
powerless, 78–80, 83–4
profane, 86, 107n; see also swearing proper, 48, 96, 105
purification, 57
rights, 23–4, 54–8, 61–2, 143, 146 standard, 8–9, 25–36, 45–9, 52, 94, 105,
120, 142–8 structure of, 19–20, 45 taboo, 12–13, 86–109
teaching and learning of, 4, 27, 51–4, 145 Lapesa, R., 31
Lasswell, H., 121
Latin, 22, 29–31, 35–6, 41n, 45–7, 85n, 105, 148
Latvia, 11, 57, 142
laws against swearing, 91–4, 104–7, 143 Lebanon, 10, 142
Le Bon, G., 142
Lee, P., 134, 135n Leets, L., 109n legal translation, 56 legitimation, 147
Lenin, V. I., 13 LePoire, B. A., 43 Lester, P. M., 97, 108n Levinson, S. C., 67–9 liberation, 137
linguistic authority, 4, 9, 13, 17, 34 linguistic correctness, 3–4, 46, 96 linguistic creativity, 65, 122–6
linguistic identity, 3, 23–4, 27, 31, 39–40, 46, 58–62, 66, 80–4, 105–6, 135n, 143n, 147
linguistic imperialism, 49–54, 136–7, 142, 145–6
linguistic mind control cultural discourse frame, 116
linguistics, 2, 9, 20, 27–8, 33, 44, 66–8, 105–6, 113–14, 122–6, 136, 145, 149
Linn, A. R., 41 Locher, M. A., 84 Locke, J., 105, 139
Loi Toubon, 57
London bombings (2005), 103 Lord Haw-Haw (W. Joyce), 135n Love, N., 135n
Lukács, G., 66
McConnell, G. D., 62 McLelland, N., 41 Makoni, S., 52, 63n Malaysia, 52, 142–3 Maley, C. A., 85n Malinowski, B., 66 Mansour, G., 62
market, 133, 139–40, 143–4 marketing, 141 Mar-Molinero, C., 62 Marryat, F., 102 Martín-Rojo, L., 41
Marx, K., 51, 66, 115
Marxism, 22–3, 36, 46, 48, 54, 64–6, 77, 84n, 115–16, 135n, 137–8, 140, 143–4
base and superstructure, 65 mass media, 10, 133–4, 139, 149 Matheson, H., 117, 135n Matsuda, M., 103
Mattheier, K. J., 41, 62 May, S., 62
Meyer, M., 134 Meyerhoff, M., 84 Meyers, R. A., 84 Michigan, 61 Microsoft, 132 MI5, 135n mind–body dyad, 96
Ministry of Information (UK), 135n
168 Language and Politics
Minnini, G., 65
minority language policy, 11, 23–4, 49, 54–62, 63n, 146–8
Mr, Mrs, Miss, Ms., 75 Mitchell, J., 20n modernism, 86, 115
money as form of language, 41n, 143 Montagu, A., 88, 92, 107, 107n Montaigne, Michel de, 30
movable type, 35, 133 Mühlhäusler, P., 84 multilingualism, 10, 33, 44–6 Murray, D. E., 41
Murray, L., 31
Myhill, J., 23
names and deference, 71 nation, 22–4, 44, 92–6, 105 nation-state, 57
national identity, 24, 29, 39–40, 57, 96, 135n, 147
national languages see language, national nationalism, 22–4, 36, 41n, 48–9, 54, 58–9,
105, 127–8, 145–8; see also banal nationalism
naturalness, 9, 20n, 32, 89, 145 Nelde, P. H., 41, 62
new quotatives, 80
New South Wales, 101–3 Newspeak, 119–21, 126, 142 Ng, B. C., 76
Nietzsche, F., 115, 137 Noels, K., 109n nominalism, 113, 131 non-standard usage, 33
norms of language, 13, 31–4, 44, 66, 87, 145 Northcliffe, Viscount, 116
Norwegian, 70, 85n
O’Barr, J. F., 73, 84
O’Barr, W. M., 78–9, 83–4, 85n obscenity see language, obscene
Oceania, 51, 147; see also Australia, and, in a different sense, Orwell
O’Connor, J., 94–5 Ogden, C. K., 113–21
Orwell, G., 49, 117–23, 126, 142 Other, 24
Ottoman Empire, 62n overinterpretation, 82
Palestine, 23 Passeron, J.-C., 47 Patten, A., 45, 56, 63n
pause filler, 90; see also hesitation form
Pauwels, A., 74–7
Pêcheux, M., 84n Pei, M. A., 75 Pennycook, A., 41n
perception, 46, 82, 112–13 performativity, 58, 147–8 Perta, C., 60
Phillipson, R. K., 51–4, 63n, 130, 145–6 philosophy, 56–8, 66, 105, 137, 146 Plato, 34, 110, 112–13, 133
Poedjosoedarmo see Soepomo Poedjosoedarmo Polish, 70
politeness theory, 68–9
political correctness, 12, 97, 108n politics, meaning of, 2–3 Polynesia, 86
Portugal, 50 Portuguese, 30, 70, 85n
post-colonial contexts, 10 post-structuralism, 115–16, 136–7
power, 2, 34–5, 44, 115–16, 127, 136, 144–5 practice, primacy of, 66
pragmatics, linguistic, 66, 81 Pratkanis, A., 134 prescriptivism, 33, 125 Priedı¯te, A., 11
print capitalism and print culture, 35, 41, 133 professionalism, 52
pronouns
marking for gender, 74–7
personal, and deference, 68–73, 81–2, 94–5, 105, 143
propaganda, 13–17, 100, 116–21, 130–4, 135n, 138, 141–3, 147–9
propaganda anxiety, 116–21, 130–4, 141–2, 149
Provençal, 40 psychology, 68, 107
public and private space, 10 publishing, 35–6
Punjabi, 55–6
Puritans, 92
Quakers, 82
Quebec French (Québécois), 28, 85n question intonation in declarative context, 74,
80, 83
quotation, rather than paraphrase, 73, 78
racial epithets, 13, 96–104, 116 radio, 117
Rajagopalan, K., 52, 63n Ramonet, I., 134 Rampton, B., 59 Rauch, J., 102
Index 169
Ravitch, D., 97, 108n
Rawls, J., 56–7, 63n Reagan, R., 13 realism, 113, 131, 137
reality, 112–13, 115, 118, 137 reason, 93–4, 115, 141
Reid, T., 105
religion, 25–6. 32–4, 43, 132, 145 resistance 37, 53–4, 60, 134, 141–2, 145,
148–9
rhetoric, 15–16, 20, 39, 110–12, 119–20, 127–34, 141
Ricento, T., 62
Richards, I. A., 113–19, 135n Risager, K., 62
ritual, 82 Roma, 49, 52
Roman Catholic Church, 134 Roman Empire, 20
Romance languages, 4, 29–31, 45, 85n Romania, 57
Romanticism, 142, 148 Roosevelt, F. D., 13 Ross, H. E., 107n Rossi-Landi, F., 84n Russell, B., 116 Russian, 11, 61 Russian Federation, 57
Russian Revolution, 73, 142
Sacks, H., 77 Saddam Hussein, 13 Sanskrit, 46
Sapir, E., 113–14, 125, 134n, 144 Sapir–Whorf Hypothesis, 114–15, 119,
131–3, 134n
Saussure, F. de, 19, 36, 64–6, 84n, 114 ‘Saussure’s tension’, 36
Saussure, R. de, 33 Schäffner, C., 134 Schegloff, E. A., 77 Schieffelin, B. B., 41 Schiffman, H. F., 62 Schneider, E. W., 41
school textbooks, 97–9, 106 Schopenhauer, A., 139 Schuh, R., 84
Scotland, 8–9, 20n, 26–7, 41n, 49, 55, 59, 67, 91–3, 105, 147
Scots, 55
Scottish common sense school, 105 Scrabble, 12–13, 21n, 96
Searle, J., 66, 101 security, 57–8, 61 Sélincourt, B. de, 42n
Serbia, 23 Serbian, 25–6
Shakespeare, W., 18–19 Shapiro, M. J., 84 Shepard, C. A., 43 Shetland Islands, 67 Siegel, J. T., 71–3, 107n
sign, linguistic, 46, 64–6, 79, 84, 115 silencing, 101–2
Silverstein, M., 135n Simpson, O. J., 97, 108n Singapore, 37–8 Skutnabb-Kangas, T., 51, 130 slang, 96
slavery, 62n
slips of the tongue, 96 Smith, Adam, 139 Smith, Anthony, 116–17 social, meaning of, 65 social class see class social exclusion, 4–5
social forces, 48–9, 64, 86, 136, 149 Social Identity Theory, 24
social reproduction, 47–9 sociology, 66–8, 137 Socrates, 110, 112
Soepomo Poedjosoedarmo, 72 Sophists, 110, 112, 134n South Asia, 35, 50
Spain, 40, 50, 121
Spanish, 30–1, 40, 56, 61, 68–70, 77 Speech Accommodation Theory, 43 Spender, D., 77
spin, 112, 120, 149 split infinitive, 31–2 Spolsky, B., 62
Sri Lanka, 142 Stalin, J., 13, 119
standard language see language, standard Stein, D., 41
Stephens, E., 89–90, 92–3 Stewart, M., 84
Stoics, 113, 134n
Stroud, C., 146
structuralism, 48, 64–6, 135n, 136, 138 Sudan, 142
Suleiman, Y., 41, 84 Swaen, A. E. H., 89, 107n
swearing, 86–96, 99, 104–7, 143 Swift, J., 94
Swiss German, 45 symbolic belonging, 22 symbolic violence, 47–9 Syriac, 30, 46
systemic–functional grammar, 126