Контрольная работа № 2

Для выполнения контрольной работы № 2 необходимо усвоить

следующие разделы грамматики английского языка(см. Приложение):

1. Инфинитив.

2. Причастие.

3. Герундий.

4. Модальные глаголы.

Вариант 1

Task I. Read the text 'Criminal Justice Process in the USA'. Translate paragraphs 1, 2, 3 in writing.

Criminal justice process in the usa

Basically, the steps in the criminal court processes are as follows: arrest and booking, arraignment, trial and appeals (if any).A person who comes into contact with the criminal courts must initially be arrested. The arrest may take place with or without using a warrant (e.g. when an offense takes place in the presence of the officer, or when there is probable or reasonable cause to believe that a felony or misdemeanor has been committed. After an arrest the suspect may be released without being prosecuted for a variety of reasons: mistaken identity, lack of proper evidence, etc.

After the arrest is made, the suspect is booked. The booking card of the law enforcement agency contains information such as the date and time of arrest, the charge or crime for which the person was ar­rested, the name of the arrested person, the name of the arresting offi­cer. Here the accused is photographed, fingerprinted, and temporarily released on bail, if possible. The record or booking card is permanently kept in the files of the police department.

At arraignment, summary trials can be held for petty offenses with­out further processing. During the initial appearance before a magis­trate's, judge or justice of the peace, the accused is to answer the charges against him. The initial appearance may also serve as the trial for minor offenses that have payment of a fine or a relatively short time in jail as punishment. Once the judge finds a verdict of guilt, the accused is sentenced to jail or payment of a fine. The de­fendant may also be placed on probation for a specified length of time. If sentenced to jail, he may be granted parole.

Then another arraignment is held. If the defendant pleads guilty a date for him to be sentenced is set by the judge. If the defendant pleads not guilty, he may request to have a jury trial or be tried by the court without a jury. At the trial, if the defendant is convicted, a date for sentencing is set.

Before imposing the actual sentence an investigation by the proba­tion officer takes place to assist the judge in deciding on a penalty. The defendant may be fined, sentenced to jail, or placed on probation. During this period the defendant can appeal his conviction- As a rule, the appeal slays the execution of the sentence. If the appeal is unsuc­cessful or the defendant decides not to appeal, the penalty is imposed.

The defendant is then involved in the corrections of the criminal justice system. It is here that rehabilitation of offenders is supposed to occur. This is the purpose of correctional establishments.

To reduce the risk of convicting an innocent person, there are checks and reviews at all stages of the criminal justice system.

Task II. Find English equivalents in the text:

уголовный процесс, обвинение, судебное разбирательство, обжалование, произвести аррест, ордер, совершить тяжкое преступление, тюремное заключение, подозреваемый, правоохранительные органы, обвиняемый, снимать отпечатки пальцев, картотека, уголовное судопроизводство, мелкие правонарушения, суд низшей инстанции, слушать дело, подвергать уголовному преследованию, признать себя виновным, суд присяжных, вынести приговор, определить наказание, осудить условно, передать на поруки, перевоспитать, исправительные учреждения.

Task III. Give Russian equivalents:

Law, by-law, law-breaker, lawyer, law enforcement, lawful, to make laws, to obey laws, to enact laws, to pass laws, to violate laws.

to prevent, to prevent offences, , prevention of crime, preventive, preventive measures, a preventive war.

crime, a criminal, a criminal case, criminality, a criminological study, to commit a crime, to reduce crime, to eliminate crime.

Сriminal justice process, trial court arraignment, law enforcement agencies, police investigations, citizens complaints, a jury trial, a police department file, an imprisonment sentence, an arraignment procedure, a higher court trial, a ten-pound fine, a five-hundred dollar bail, a dead body indentification, prosecution or court phases.

Task IV. Give your definition of the following :

An accused is a person who …

A criminal is a person who …

A defendant is a person who …

A suspect is a person who …

A convict is a person who …

Task V. Find in the text above a) Participle I b) Participle II ,

c) Gerund, d) Infinitive. Underline and mark them.

Task VI. Use Infinitives or Gerund:

1. The arrest is made as a result of (to observe, observing) a law violation.

2. After (to hear, hearing) the evidence the magistrate may find no basis for the charges and dismiss them or present the case to the trial court.

3. Mobility has given people the opportunity (to commit, com­mitting) crimes far away from home.

4. The court ruled that an officer may lawfully search a person in the course of (to make, making) an arrest.

5. According to law, the police must bring a suspect before a mag­istrate within the period of time between 48 and 72 hours, during which time the interrogation takes place mostly with the aim (to obtain, obtaining) confession.

6. Although a person under arrest has a right (to refuse, refusing) to answer questions, the arresting officer may lawfully search the person arrested and find some incriminating evidence.

7. Since objects seized in the course of an illegal search are inad­missible as evidence in courts, the importance of strict obser­vance by the arresting officer of the limitations on his power (to arrest, arresting) without warrant is obvious.

Task VII. Translate into English:

1. To know everything is to know nothing.

2. The problem to be solved is of great international importance.

3. In order to begin prosecution it is necessary to have evidence establishing the fact of committing a crime.

4. The criminal waited for the judge to commit a sentence.

5. The juvenile is reported to have committed a crime.

6. While making the report the speaker told us some interesting facts.

7. Having examined the causes of the crime the court sentenced the criminal to imprisonment.

8. Having been investigated the case was committed to the court.

9. The hearing of the case being over? The judge closed the trial.

10. The student knowing English well, the examination did not last long.

Task VIII. Fill in a proper modal verb:

1. --… I take the document?

---No, you …

2. -- …you work as a detective?

---Not yet.

3. The trial … to be open at 10 o'clock.

4. She believes that the judge … discharge him.

5. You … tell him that we need his assistance.

6. The investigator was very tired and he … to stop the cross-examination.

7. The witness … answer the barrister's questions during the cross examination.

8. He… to explain all the difficulties in the case to the accused.

Task IX. Read the text and do the following tasks:

1. Give a title to the text.

2. Divide the text into logical paerts and give titles to them.

3. Think of 1-2 questions on each part of the text.

4. Give the content of the text in English in a summary form.

The criminal justice system is composed of those agencies which must enforce the laws that society has enacted for its self-protection and preservation. Theoretically, it is an integrated apparatus whose functions are to apprehend, prosecute, convict, sentence, and correct offenders. The US system is federal by its nature, i.e. it consists of three subsys­tems: state, local and federal criminal justice agencies. The system is composed of three components: police, court, corrections. Each com­ponent must contribute to the same goal — the prevention and control of crime and the rehabilitation of offenders. So the effectiveness of the whole system depends on the efficient functioning of each component and their efficient interaction. But at present the criminal justice system doesn't work successfully. Of the several million serious crimes reported every year to police, ranging from murder to car theft, only one in nine results in a conviction. The rate of solution varies with different crimes. Murder is usually reported, and 86 per cent of all reported murders lead to arrests. Among those arrested, however, only 64 per cent are prose­cuted and not more than 43 per cent of the cases prosecuted result in convictions. Of persons prosecuted for murder 19 per cent are convicted of a lesser crime and 38 per cent are acquitted or dismissed. In contrast, only 19 per cent of all the burglaries reported to police lead to an arrest. Four out of five arrested are prosecuted and 56 per cent are found guilty. So, for every twelve burglaries reported there is one conviction. Robbery — taking property from a person by force or threat of force — is a crime of violence, dangerous to life and increasing rapidly. But chances of a robber being convicted are small. Only 27 per cent of all robberies lead to an arrest. Of those arrested, 63 per cent are prose­cuted, of whom one-half are convicted. Less than two-thirds of the cases in which individuals are charged with murder and robbery are prosecutable. Often the reasons are: insufficient evidence, mistaken identity, unprofessional work of law enforcement agencies, etc. Long delays in trials may lead to dismissals because witnesses die or disap­pear, evidence is stale or lost. When we consider the performance of correctional agencies, the failure of the criminal justice system becomes quite evident. While there may be only one conviction for every fifty or more serious crimes, only one in four convicted will go to prison, and most who are imprisoned will commit crimes after their release. Thus from among the very small portion of all the people who commit seri­ous crimes and are finally imprisoned, the system fails to rehabilitate the majority.

Вариант 2

Task I. Read the text "US CONSTITUTION". Translate the paragraphs 1, 2 in writing.