Soviet authority

After the October revolution of 1917 according to the Decree of VTS1K and SNK RSFSR Kazakh ASSR was formed in the structure of RSFSR. Kazakh ASSR carried out trade and consular communications with Afghanistan, Iran, Turkey, China and other countries. This period was a strip of the diplomatic recognition of the USSR by the foreign states. The Soviet-Chinese consular relations were carried out on the territory of Kazakhstan. Kazakhstan was a link between RSFSR with both China and Mongolia.

During this period some representatives of the Kazakh people were on the service of the Soviet state. Turar Riskulov, acting in the diplomatic service of the Soviet state, in 1922 was nominated as the Assistant of Narkom on nationalities of RSFSR and later in 1924 was delegated to

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M ongolia as the representative of Komintern. Other representative of the Kazakh people was a well-known scientist of eastern countries Nazir Torekulov. In 1928 he was nominated as the Consul General in the Kingdom of Giddies and Ned (subsequently the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia). At the beginning of 1930 the Consulate General was transformed to the diplomatic mission. According to the decision of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR Nazir Torekulov was nominated as the Plenipotentiary representative of the USSR in the rank of the Extraordinary Envoy and Plenipotentiary Minister at the king Abdul Aziz Ibn Saud. After termination of diplomatic mission he worked at the Institute of Eastern languages. On July 15, 1937 he was arrested and on November 3,1937 was sentenced to execution and this very day he was shot.

Union-republican National Commissariat of foreign affaires of Kazakh SSR was formed in 1944. The creation of the ministry of foreign affaires in all union republics, including Kazakhstan, was connected with the formation of Organisation of United Nations, For the first time ministers of foreign affairs of the USSR, the USA and Great Britain met in 1943 in Moscow, then the conferences in Dumbarton-Oks (suburb of Washington) in 1944, in the Crimea in 1945 and San Francisco in 1945 followed. At these conferences the USSR acted with the offer to include all Union republics into the number of the countries of the founders of the UN. But this initiative did not receive the approval of other countries - victors. In a result the USA and Great Britain agreed to accept as the founders only Ukrainian and Byelorussia republics, which had suffered from the war most.

The Supreme Soviet of Kazakh SSR accepts " the Law on formation Union-republican national commissariat of foreign affaires of Kazakh SSR " on April 19,1944 according to the accepted Law of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR " on granting powers in the field of external relations to union republics and in this connection transformation of Narkomat of foreign affaires from all-union into Union-republican ". For the sake of this law the National commissariat of foreign affaires of Kazakh SSR (NCFAJNKID) was formed and it brought changes and additions in the Constitution of Kazakh SSR determining external policy rights and the duty of the Republic.

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B y the decision of the USSR Council of National Commissariats the management of the representative of the USSR NKID in Alma-Ata was liquidated and its functions were transferred to NKID of Kazakh SSR.

NKID of Kazakh SSR was renamed into the Ministry of foreign affairs of Kazakh SSR in March 1946.

The first National Commissioner of foreign affairs of Kazakh SSR was nominated the Rector of the Kazakh State University Tajibaev Tulegen Tajibaevich in August, 1944, Union - Sovnarkom of Kazakh SSR and the USSR Ministry of foreign affaires directed republican NKJD of Kazakh SSR. The Vice-chairman of Ministerial Council in combination was the Head of NKID of Kazakh SSR. At that time the staff of NKID was authorised in quantity of 44 servicemen.

Rule about NKID of Kazakh SSR was accepted on September 20, 1945, where the functions of foreign policy body were determined.

According to the Rule, aims and tasks of NKID of Kazakh SSR were the protection external policy and economic interests of the Republic and interests of its citizens; the conclusion of agreements with foreign states under the assignment of SNK of Kazakh SSR. In the structure of NKID of Kazakh SSR secretariat, political department, protocol-consular, secret - cable, staff departments, management of business deals were formed.

What kind of tasks was faced before NKID of Kazakh SSR during this period? First of all it was necessary to prepare the diplomats able to represent the Republic in the international arena. In 1944 the first group of 16 men was directed to Moscow for studying of 10-months diplomatic courses. Future diplomats studied the history, culture, economic and political problems of neighboring foreign countries with Kazakhstan and also leading countries of the world; studied foreign languages and diplomatic engineering, raised the level of their knowledge in political and international problems in the politicaJ department of Ministry foreign affairs of Kazakh SSR (MFA Kazakh SSR). First of all the managing employees of NKID then MFA should possess foreign languages. A number of diplomats passed training period in the Ministry of foreign affairs of the USSR and some of them studied also at the High Diplomatic School of MFA USSR by correspondence.

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External policy body was made out the legal base of the activity of Kazakhstan. Government of Kazakh SSR had undertaken steps on co­ordination of the activity of the Ministry of foreign affaires according to the decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of December 16,1947 "About the order of the relations of the USSR official bodies and their officials with establishments and officials of the foreign states". According the decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of Kazakh SSR, September 29,1948 "About the order of the relations of official bodies Kazakh SSR and their officials with establishments and officials of foreign states" the order was established in which "... the relations of official bodies of Kazakh SSR and their officials, taking place on the territory of Kazakh SSR with diplomatic and consular representations of foreign states are made through MFA Kazakh SSR and only by its direct approval".

Kazakhstan did not become the UN full member, the attempts of giving some parts of external policy powers to Union republics were not undertaken, and therefore the necessity of containing the big staff of the Ministry had disappeared. The staff was reduced up to 15 men and the graduates of High Diplomatic School (VDSH) had to work in various party-soviet bodies.

Later according to its quota the Republic sent some people for studying at the Moscow State Institute of international relations (MGIMO) and VDSH annually. At selection of applicants for study the recommendation of the Central Committee of Kazakh SSR was necessary. After termination of their study at VDSH the Kazakhstan graduates worked as the employees of the USSR embassies in Iran (S.Dildabekov), Sudan (N.Baimuratov), Hungary (D.Raimbekov).

In 1956, when the author of these passages began the diplomatic career, in the staff of the Ministry there were only five employees (Minister in combination, Aid of the Minister, Second secretary, bookkeeper, driver). The Ministry of foreign affaires of the USSR carried out all external policy activity. On the share of our ministry there were only consular and protocol issues. The problems of Kazakhstan cultural relations were in conducting of the Kazakh branch of cultural relations with foreign countries, which subsequently was transformed into the Kazakh society of friendship and cultural relations with foreign countries

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( KazOKS). The Kazakh branch of State Committee on economic relations with foreign countries (GKES) conducted external economic, scientific - technical relations. The Kazakh branch of the USSR "Inturist" was engaged in problems of foreign tourism. At that time foreign policy body of Kazakhstan had no co-coordinating functions.

We were engaged basically by protocol - consular issues. Two employees of the ministry - the Minister Aid and the first secretary organized the reception of repatriated citizens from People's Republic of China, Germany, KNDR, Spain, Greece, Argentina, legalized their documents (diplomas, certificate on birth etc.)_T meet foreign countries Ambassadors, accredited in Moscow and took part in meeting of high foreign visitors, also in other protocol functions.

Since 1954 the problems of reception and employment of the citizens, repatriated from China, were assigned on MFA of Kazakhstan.

Since 1963 new post - General Secretary was entered in the staff of MFA Kaz.SSR. In 1969 in connection with increase of volume of protocol-consular activities the staff of MFA was increased up to 9,5 regular units. Protocol and Consular departments were created. There was an essential need in it, as the quantity of visits of diplomats, official delegations, and foreign tourists in Kazakhstan increased.

Since 1973 separate Minister of foreign affairs of Kazakh SSR begun to work. The first released post -Minister was occupied by Fazilov M.S., who worked earlier as First secretary and Aid of a Minister. The professional knowledge of diplomatic service, active position of the chief allowed raising the role of Kazakhstan MFA.

In the post of the Minister Fazilov M.S. worked three years. In 1976 he was nominated as the Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary Ambassador of the USSR to the Republic of Mali and in 1963 - to Morocco

Fazilov M.S. was the unique Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary Ambassador of the USSR, who is origin of Kazakhstan. He had received the high awards of the Republic of Mali - officer of Mali and national decoration Kingdom of Morocco.

MFA carried out certain external policy function by reception of state, governmental, parliamentary delegations of foreign states, heads of diplomatic representations, journalists accredited in the USSR. MFA Kaz.SSR was constantly engaged in development of proposals and

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r ecommendations to the management of the Republic on strengthening and increasing of external relations. During the period of existence of MFA Kaz.SSR many ministers put the problem of co-coordinating role of the ministry of foreign affairs of the Republic in issues of all forms of external relations. Therefore, I am an opponent to existing opinions that MFA Kaz.SSR was a formally existing body. Undoubtedly, it was necessary to achieve widening of rights and functions of the republican ministry within the framework of the working Constitution of Kazakh SSR. Many of MFA of other Union republics had achieved the certain rights in its activities. The reference to that that the first rulers of Union republics were discharged from external policy affairs is not quite correct. That's why in 70 years five representatives of Uzbek SSR were nominated as the USSR Ambassadors, not speaking about several Ambassadors who were origin of Ukrainian, Georgian, Azerbaijan and other republics. Here is weakness of the work of Ministers of foreign affairs as well as the managers of Kazakhstan of that time.

The large efforts for raising the role of MFA of Kazakhstan were made by the new nominated Minister Isanaliev M.I. The Kazakhstan diplomats, in the level with the diplomats of MFA USSR, began to receive surcharge not only for knowledge of foreign languages but also for diplomatic ranks and equipment for dresses.

Zone meeting with the participation of the representatives of MFA USSR and republics of Central Asia, Ministry of foreign Trade, SSOD on raising of relations of republics of Central Asia and Kazakhstan with People's Republic of China, in particular with Sintzyan-Ugur Autonomy Region (SUAR) was carried out in autumn of 1987 in Alma-Ata.

The protocol on the coordinated actions of development of bilateral relations between SUAR and Kazakhstan was signed under the initiative of MFA Kazakh SSR.

Thus, Kazakh SSR had no straight external and economic relations with foreign countries but under the order of MFA USSR and the Government of the Republic certain external policy functions were assigned to the foreign policy body.

If in 60 years we spoke about the layer of the Kazakhstan diplomats, in 80 years the Republic had group of the diplomats, working at the

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C entral staffs of the USSR MFA, MFA Kaz.SSR and representations abroad.

In "perestroika" time there was a new political thinking in foreign activity of the Soviet Union. It was necessary not only to take into account the interests of each Republic but also to let them for the independent decision of various external policy tasks.

Under the initiative of MFA Kaz.SSR, MFA USSR and Diplomatic Academy (Moscow) the scientific - practical conference - "Policy of the USSR in Asian - Pacific region. The countries - neighbors, problems, prospects " was held in Alma-Ata in 1989. These large-scale measures for Kazakhstan raised the activity of MFA of the Republic.

The concrete ways of interaction of the Union and the Republican bodies at realisation of foreign policy actions were discussed by the participation of the USSR Deputy-Minister of foreign affairs, the President of Kazakh SSR in Alma-Ata in August 1990.

The Consular branch of the Permanent representation of Kazakh SSR in Moscow, which was engaged in registration of the visas of Kazakh citizens, leaving abroad, was opened in 1990. At that period of time the numbers of our compatriots, leaving abroad, increased sharply.

Under the recommendation of MFA Kazakh SSR many diplomats went to various the USSR Embassies for permanent work.

The experience of the Protocol-consular service of MFA Kazakh SSR, experience of the activities of Kazakhstan diplomats in the Central staff and the USSR representations abroad formed the basis of the foreign policy body of the sovereign Kazakhstan with independent external policy.

ENTRY OF KAZAKHSTAN INTO THE SYSTEM OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

/. Finding of the sovereignty and independence of the Republic of Kazakhstan

With the finding of the sovereignty and independence on December 16,1991 the Republic of Kazakhstan appears in the international arena as the new subject of international law. In two months 92 countries of the world recognized the Republic of Kazakhstan. According to the

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U N charter Declaration on principles of international law concerning friendly co-operation and relations between the states, all subjects of international law should strictly observe principles of sovereign equality.

New sovereign Kazakhstan had to form its external policy, which should be directed on maintenance of the sovereignty, independence and national security of the Republic.

By means of realisation of external policy of any state, including Kazakhstan, is diplomacy, which represents " set of not military practical measures, steps and methods used in view of concrete conditions and character of soluble tasks ". The official activity of the President, the Head of Kazakhstan government, MFA RK, diplomatic representations abroad, delegations at the international conferences are also means of realisation of external policy of sovereign Kazakhstan.

In the 21 century there is a global reorganization of existing world order. Political, economic, social, cultural and other relations between the states get the global character. On the other hand, it is observed that global interests of economy work as a policy and an ideology. Diplomacy should develop and develops in a direction of upholding of economic interests of the state, while there is the formation of the new international-economic order. The countries, which have been not entered in usual universal system of economy, can stay outside of the development.

The urgency of the development of the concept of the RK external policy activity was dictated by beginning process of the international recognition and entry of the Republic into the world community. At the end of 1992 the diplomatic relations were already established with 77 countries of the world (now-121 countries). The Kazakhstan embassies in the USA, P.R. of China, Turkey, and the permanent representation at the UN were opened (at present there are 32 embassies, 3 permanent representations, 13 consulates, 3 diplomatic missions). It was necessary to comprehend national-state interests and on their basis to define foreign policy priorities. It was necessary to understand the world processes for the definition of the role and place of the Republic of Kazakhstan and to determine priority directions of its external policy.

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2 . Solving of problems of the nuclear weapon on the territory of Kazakhstan

Disorder of the Soviet Union and all socialist camp, formation of the new independent states represented threat to the security of the European continent. First of all, the interest and concern on the part of western having held to Kazakhstan is connected with the nuclear weapon, which was located in the territory of the Republic.

The governmental delegation of the Chinese People's Republic, Minister of foreign affairs and on commonwealth deals of Great Britain and Northern Ireland Douglas Herd, Minister of foreign affairs of France Roland Dumas, the governmental delegation of Germany led by the Minister of economy Yurgen Melemann visited the Republic of Kazakhstan, besides steadfast attention on the part of the USA, within the first month from the date of the declaration of independence. During negotiations alongside with discussions on the development of political and economic co-operations, the problems of nuclear security, control of the nuclear weapon both an opportunity of a transfer and a reduction were mentioned.

For preservation of independence and sovereignty there were necessary territorial integrity and indestructibility of borders, first of all, to solve the problem of the nuclear weapon.

In December, 1991 the Alma-Ata meeting was held, on which the Commonwealth of the Independent States (CIS) was created. Four states having nuclear weapon, Kazakhstan, Russia, Ukraine and Byelorussia have defined the mechanism of control over the nuclear weapon and adherence to its non-distribution.

Before Kazakhstan there was a task of the development of global nuclear policy and definition of positions on various problems of nuclear disarmament,

The representatives of Kazakhstan, Byelorussia, Ukraine, Russia and the USA signed five-sided Protocol on realisation of the rules of the Treaty on reduction and restriction of strategic offensive arms with reference to Strategic nuclear forces, which were placed in the territories of four republics. Kazakhstan, Ukraine, Byelorussia are obliged to join the Treaty on non-distribution of the nuclear weapon as the countries which are not having the nuclear weapon in Lisbon on May 23, 1992.

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T he export of the rocket-nuclear weapon to Russia with compensation of uranium cost of its warhead and dismantle should be carried out within the framework of the protocol in Kazakhstan. Thus, the acceptance of the decision on the status of the country was an important step in the development of the Republic independence.

The complete guarantees of security on the part of the USA, Great Britain and Russian Federation were received by Kazakhstan during the Budapest OSCE meeting on December 5,1994. During the Summit the Memorandum of guarantees of Russia, Great Britain and the USA on security to Kazakhstan, the Ukraine and Byelorussia was signed. Three Powers-depositors of the Treaty on non-distribution of the nuclear weapon were obliged to provide sovereignty, territorial integrity of Kazakhstan and to guarantee against economic compulsion. Subsequently guarantee on security was received also from governments of People's Republic of China and France.

The main strategic task was solved for Kazakhstan. The Republic had received reliable guarantees of its safe existence, maintenance of sovereignty, independence, territorial integrity and indestructibility of borders.

The strategic directions of external policy determined by the President of Kazakhstan in his work "Strategy organization and development of Kazakhstan as the sovereign state" were those:

"First of all, we declare the peaceful orientation of the policy and we declare that we have no territorial claims to any state of the world. Any conflict can result in catastrophic consequences realizing the responsibility and understand;

• We recognise preservation of the peace as the prior purpose of the state policy of Kazakhstan;

• We reject war or threat by military force as a means of achievement of political, economic and other aims;

• We aspire to finding of the status of a non-nuclear state and joining to the Treaty on non-distribution of the nuclear weapon;

• We adhere to principles of indestructibility of borders, non­ interference to internal affaires of other states".

Foreign policy body of Kazakhstan mastered global nuclear policy while nuclear security was one of key aspects in the concept of its

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e xternal policy. Minister of foreign affairs of Kazakhstan Tokaev K.K. signed the Treaty on universal prohibition of nuclear tests in September, 1996 at the 51 session of the UN General Assembly.

3. Basic directions of the activity of foreign policy body

In the concept the tasks facing to external policy of Kazakhstan, such as strengthening of a state and an independence, creation of social-guided market economy, maintenance of political stability, keeping civil peace and national consent, integration in CIS countries and distant foreign countries, international and regional institutes are allocated.

External policy course of the Republic was directed on fastening of tendencies to stable relations between the states of universally recognized principles and norms of international law as bases of interstate relations. At the conclusion of important interstate documents MFA RK by all means included the rule on respect and observance by the parties the recognized norms of international law.

First of all, the efforts of Foreign policy body of Kazakhstan were directed on the establishment of strategic partnership with Russia, China, countries of Central Asia, co-operation with the state-participants of Commonwealth of the Independent States. Foreign policy body of Kazakhstan steadily carries out the course of deepening of integration processes in economic, military-political and humanitarian spheres between the former Soviet republics. With this aim, the efforts of MFA RK were directed into the development of both bilateral and multilateral relations with the state-participants of CIS in the sphere of external policy, in the fields of economy, science, culture, military and other directions.

One of the basic moments of the development of the concept of the RK external policy is the geopolitical arrangement on the joint area of Europe and Asia that should promote the orientation to Europe-Atlantic and Asian-Pacific ocean regions. The aim of external policy is the formation of external conditions for successful realisation of Strategy of organizing and development of Kazakhstan as a sovereign state. The attraction of large-scale investments from industrial advanced countries of West and Asia, Near East and international financial and economic

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i nstitutes is necessary for the creation of social-guided market economy in Kazakhstan.

Strategic direction of external policy of Kazakhstan is the cooperation with the countries of Europe and, first of all, with the European Union. The agreement on partnership with the European Union promotes integration of Kazakhstan in the international political and economic communities and also active trade-economic co-operation with the leading states of Europe as Germany, France. The European Union, Germany, France and the countries of Benelux are main line of the European policy of Kazakhstan. The Republic gives the important meaning to mutual relations with Great Britain, Italy and Spain.

From the countries of Eastern Europe, which had entered a way of market transformations Hungary, Czech, Slovakia, Poland, Bulgaria, are of interest for Kazakhstan, Their experience of overcoming of crisis situations, transformations of economy from planned-socialist system to market bases, creation of democratic institutes deserve attentive study.

The national interests of Kazakhstan are based on the balanced character of carrying out external policy course.

In the Asian direction of the external policy of RK there is the priority concerning Japan, Iran, India, Pakistan, Asian - Pacific region countries (ATR), such as Singapore, the Republic of Korea, Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia, Vietnam, that allow Kazakhstan to have access to high technologies and financial institutions for attraction of the investments in the national economy and use the experience of market relations.

The development of the political and economic relations with Turkey, Arabian countries provides multivectoral and balanced character of external policy of Kazakhstan.

The active trade-economic and technological co-operation with Israel has the large meaning for our young state. Israel occupies the important place in the policy of the West and the relations with this country have become the prior directions of the external policy of Kazakhstan.

One of the major priorities of the RK external policy is the development and strengthening of the US strategic partnership." Charter about democratic partnership ", which were signed by the Presidents of Kazakhstan and the USA in February, 1994, enables long-term and full scale co-operation in the field of national and regional security

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both guarantees of sovereign and independent Kazakhstan. The USA have announced Central Asia by the zone of its national interests, and the president Clinton has proclaimed that Kazakhstan "is the strategic partner of the USA in Central Asia ". The strategic partnership of the USA gives Kazakhstan the opportunity of entry in world community, in international political, financial and economic and defensive institutes, the attraction of foreign investments.

The increase of political authority and economic role of the countries of Latin America is of interest for study and use of experience of economic integration of these states.

It is necessary to determine perspective forms of co-operation with Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Mexico, and Cuba.

From the African countries the adjustment of relations with UAR, having developed economy, powerful financial system is of interest.

In the field of multilateral relations the major direction is Kazakhstan co-operation in the UN and its structural specialized divisions, for socio-economic development and integration in global economic system. Now Kazakhstan is the member of 10 international-financial organisations and over 60 various international organisations.

The external policy activity of Kazakhstan is directed on development of co-operation with all states rendering influence on global events development and representing practical interest for the Republic. Representing multivectoral policy promotes economic and political transformations in the country.

The ten-year period of the activity of the external policy body has demonstrated that Kazakhstan is involved in global community businesses and the policy curried out by the country are according to geopolitical realities of the world,

In the conclusion of the unit about priorities of the RK external policy it would be desirable to state some offers. At the development of the concept of external policy including the basic direction of the diplomacy of the Republic of Kazakhstan, treatment of various international situations and new ideas, it is necessary to avoid influence of change of a conjuncture. Secondly, to comprehend the experience of global diplomacy that in its turn will cause the forecast and creative

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s tudy. In third, it is necessary to comprehend the appearing phenomena fearlessly, not frightening even by paradoxical and seditious opinions at present.

STANDARD-LEGAL BASE OF ACTIVITY OF FOREIGN POLICY BODY OF KAZAKHSTAN

/. First standard-legal documents of the activity of MFA of Kazakhstan

The standard-legal base of the activity was necessary for successful realisation of tasks facing before the foreign policy body. First such document was the rule " About the Ministry of foreign affairs of the Republic of Kazakhstan ", authorised by the Decree of the RK President on June 2,1992.

According to this rule the Ministry of foreign affairs of the Republic of Kazakhstan found the status of the central body of the diplomatic service of the country, which is ensuring the realisation of external policy of the Republic of Kazakhstan.

The structure of the Ministry included territorial divisions, becoming subsequently managements (America and Europe, Asia, Near and Middle East, CIS) and functional divisions - later managements (international-economic relations, legal, press and information, cultural relations and humanitarian co-operation, State protocol, international organisations, staff, consular, administrative - financial problems). Besides those the Management on work with diplomatic representations was created. The regional divisions - managements led all spectrums of problems of bilateral relations. Among those, functional divisions -managements of legal, international organisations and international-economic relations occupied an outstanding place.

Simultaneously with the Decree of the President on the rule "About the Ministry of foreign affairs of RK ", the Decision of the Council of the Ministers of the Republic of Kazakhstan on July 2,1992 " Problems of the Ministry of foreign affairs of the Republic of Kazakhstan " was adopted.

According to this decision a number of organizational and personnel problems of foreign policy body of the Republic of Kazakhstan were

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solved. First of all, it was necessary to settle the problem of selection of the staff of MFA,

According to the decision of the leaders of the Ministry the commission for selection of the people for the staff of MFA RK was organized. The necessary conditions for candidates of the employs of MFA RK were the presence of the diploma of higher education, knowledge of foreign language and experience of two-three year work.

The creation of MFA coincided with the period, when big foreign companies appeared in the Republic and opened their offices in Alma-Ata. Capable young people went there, as there their salary was rather higher than in MFA. As a result of persistent work of the commission, which sessions held twice a week in 1,5 years there were accepted 187 new employees, who under the direction of carrier diplomats worked in various divisions of the Ministry.

According to the decision of the Council of Ministers RK, in one year MFA directed some young diplomats to study at Diplomatic Academies and other higher educational establishments of foreign states. The young Kazakhstan diplomats had passed special courses of the Vienna Diplomatic Academy, Berlin branch of the Diplomatic Academy of MFA of the Federal Republic of Germany, the Diplomatic Academy of Russia. A number of young diplomats had passed the short-term training courses in India, Pakistan, Holland and other countries of the world.

For the purpose of perfection of selection, preparation and education of the staff the Temporary rule about the passage of the diplomatic service of the Republic of Kazakhstan was authorised by the order of the Minister of foreign affairs of RK on April 27,1993. It was determined that the diplomatic service is the component of the state service of the Republic of Kazakhstan and provides practical realisation of external policy, represents and protects the interests of the state in the international arena and also legal persons and citizens of the Republic of Kazakhstan abroad.

Later within the framework of the process of preparation of young diplomats the Diplomatic Academy of MFA of the Republic of Kazakhstan was created. In 1998 it carried out the second set for the students of biennial branch and the first set for courses of improvemenl

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o f qualification of the Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary Ambassadors and higher officials of MFA RK.

The diplomatic service of any state is inconceivable without the ramified network of its foreign representations. The task of opening of the RK Embassies in the various countries stood before the external policy body. Rule "About the Embassy of the Republic of Kazakhstan", Rule "About the basic duties and rights of the Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary Ambassador of the Republic of Kazakhstan" were prepared by the Ministry and authorised by the decree of the President on July 2, 1992. At creation of these documents the Vienna convention on the diplomatic relations, 1961, being the basic international-legal document determining the status and the function of diplomatic representation at the Heads of states, were used. Except of these basic documents, Constitution of RK, the Decrees of the President of RK and normative documents of MFA RK were used.

In the accepted Rule "About the Embassy of the Republic of Kazakhstan" the basic functions of Embassy are determined: -Representation of RK in a host country; - Protection of interests of organisations, representatives, legal persons and citizens of RK in a host country; - Negotiating and maintenance of official contacts with the state bodies of a host country; - Learning of internal problems, the activity of governmental, state and other bodies of authority, tendencies of political, economic-social development in the host country; -Assistance of the development of friendly and mutually advantageous relations between RK and the host country in the field of economy, culture, science and other spheres; - Realisation of consular actions; -Explanation of an essence both purposes of external and internal policies of RK in a host country; - The supervision over performance of treaties and agreements, in which RK participates in a host country, including multilateral international ones.

Simultaneously with the Rule "About the Embassy of the Republic of Kazakhstan" the President of the Republic had ratified the Rule "About the basic duties and rights of the Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary Ambassador of the Republic of Kazakhstan'¹. It is specified in it that the Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary Ambassador

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o f the Republic of Kazakhstan is the plenipotentiary representative of RK in a host country.

By the end of 1992 the sovereignty of the Republic of Kazakhstan was recognized by more than hundred states and such as Turkey, China, India, Italy, France, the USA were in time to open their diplomatic representations in Alma-Ata. According to the international practice the Department on service of the Diplomatic corps at MFA RK was created which could promote in search of buildings for embassies, attraction of the personnel for work in these foreign establishments and others.

The Rule about the basic principles and order of formation of the personnel of foreign representations of MFA RK and rotation of its diplomatic workers was authorized by the order of the Minister of foreign affairs on May 16,1994. It was determined that the number of the personnel of foreign representations of MFA RK was established by the Government on presentation of the Ministry of foreign affairs and by co-ordination with the Ministry of finance. The employees of foreign representations of MFA RK should be nominated among the employees of the Central staff of MFA RK. The rotation of diplomatic employees is stipulated in this Rule. Rotation, which is one of principles of the organization fact of the diplomatic service, used for the most effective utilization of business qualities of diplomats during passage of their service. The rotation provides moving the diplomats between structural divisions of the Central staff and of foreign representations of MFA RK and also in international organizations.

The order of the Minister of foreign affairs of RK on June 12,1994 authorized the Rule " About the order of realization of service certification of the diplomatic workers of MFA RK " for perfection of selection, arrangement and education of the diplomatic staff. The certification is called to promote revealing of the most capable and perspective employees. By results of certification the conclusion about conformity or unconformity of the workers to occupied posts, recommendation on concerning of the expediency of a stay in the diplomatic service and moving them into other sites of work was made, Terms and order of the realization of certification, structure of

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c ertification commission and other organizational problems were determined.

One of the documents reflecting the activity of the Ministry became the Rule "About the Board of the Ministry of foreign affairs of RK " authorised by the Minister on February 19,1996. In this rule it was provided that the Board of MFA RK was the consultative body at the Minister. The function were the development of measures on the realisation of the foreign policy of the Republic, consideration of international situation problems, practical work of the Central staff of the Ministry and its foreign establishments, checking of performance of the decisions of the President and the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan, discussion of organization-personnel problems, hearing of the reports of the chiefs of divisions of the Central staff and foreign representations and other establishments of the Ministry system.

The Ministry of foreign affairs of the Republic of Kazakhstan is guided except those mentioned documents in its activity by the Decree of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan valid to the Law " About the order of the conclusion, performance and denunciation of the international agreements of the Republic of Kazakhstan " signed on December 12, 1995, the Decree of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan valid of the Law " About a state service " signed on December 26, 1995, the Decree of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan " About the realisation of the international agreements of the Republic of Kazakhstan and arrangements, achieved during meetings and negotiations at high and intergovernmental levels " signed on April 9,1996.

According to the decision of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan new rule " About the Ministry of foreign affairs of the Republic of Kazakhstan " was authorised on September 9, 1996 for the further activation of the foreign policy activ ity of the Ministry of foreign affairs. In this decision the role of the foreign policy establishment is strengthened, which is the central body ensuring the realisation of external policy and state management in the field of external relations of the Republic of Kazakhstan.

Successful constructing of the Ministry of foreign affairs, creation of the atmosphere of personal responsibility of all employees beginning

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f rom the Minister up to ordinary employees in the realisation of the external policy of the independent sovereign Kazakhstan, first of all, promoted. Isanaliev MJ. wrote about this period " high professionalism, organisation and insistence of the managements of MFA Suleymenov T.S., Kurmanguzhin S.A., Tokaev K.K., Gizatov have mobilised the collective on complete selflessness and creative approach to work ".

The accepted standard-legal documents have allowed solving the tasks of the foreign policy body professionally.

2. Development of standard-legal base of the Ministry of foreign affairs the Republic of Kazakhstan

Many years activity of the Ministry of foreign affairs was experience of realisation of interstate official contacts and interstate relations, in connection with an exchange of diplomatic representations and their activity, experience of improvement of interaction with foreign representations, other ministries and departments of the Republic of Kazakhstan on external economic and other communications with foreign states.

The basic law "About a diplomatic service" should promote transition to a new stage of Kazakhstan diplomacy qualitatively, establish a legal basis of the activity of the diplomatic service.

Structure of the working group on preparation of the law included the leading workers of MFA, Ministry of finance, Ministry of economy, Ministry of Justice and Committee of national security. The law "About a diplomatic service" was approved by the Parliament of the country and the President of RK N.A. Nazarbaev signed it on November 12, 1997.

The diplomatic service of the Republic of Kazakhstan is determined as ''professional activity of the citizens in state bodies which are carrying out foreign policy activity of the Republic according to the legislation and the international treaties of the Republic of Kazakhstan". The activity of the Ministry of foreign affairs is created by the employees of the Ministry central staff, diplomatic representations and consular establishments of the Republic of Kazakhstan abroad, representations of the Republic of Kazakhstan at the international organisations, representations of the Ministry of foreign affairs in the territory of the

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R epublic of Kazakhstan, Department on service of Diplomatic corps and subordinated organisations. Diplomatic academy and other educational establishments, which are under the control of the Ministry of foreign affairs, make the uniform system of bodies of the diplomatic service.

The law adjusts tasks and main functions of the Diplomatic service, settles the problems of personnel maintenance and assignment for diplomatic posts, diplomatic ranks, passage of the service, right and duty of diplomats.

After the law "About a diplomatic service" there was a necessity for acceptance of a new rule about the Ministry of foreign affairs. The decision of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan of November 12,1997 N» 1553 authorised a new Rule " About the Ministry of foreign affairs of the Republic of Kazakhstan '\ which should promote the activity of the Ministry of foreign affairs of the Republic of Kazakhstan.

The legal base of the Diplomatic service activity are Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Decrees of the President, Laws "About a state service", "About a diplomatic service", international agreements, standard and legal acts of the Republic of Kazakhstan.