2 . Diplomacy of feudal states

The diplomatic communications in the feudal period arose between the states grouped around of the various centers. Main of such centers was Western Europe, Byzantium, and Arabian caliphates, China, India. The diplomatic communications carried incidental character and the uniform rules of diplomatic practice could not develop.

In early middle ages there were no strong steady borders, the states were created and broke up. Diplomacy is focused on efforts to settlement of the arisen disputes between states. It was used only, when the states had to negotiate on settlement of relations with each other, to agree about the termination of armed collisions, conclusion of temporary unions.

As against the states of Western Europe Byzantium carried out the

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v igorous activity, using traditions of ancient Rome of the period of Empire. In Byzantium special department of foreign affairs for the first time was created and also the forms of diplomatic dialogue, ceremony are developed. Byzantium distributed its influence to other countries through diplomatic channels. This influence had an effect on Russ.

First foreign policy department of Russia was the Ambassadorial order, created at the time of Ivan Grosny. There were no constant diplomatic representations of Russia abroad.

Chinese diplomacy was formed during governing of the Chinese dynasties Hun, Tan, Min, and Sin. The history of Chinese diplomacy totals over two thousand years. Many scientists mark, that Chinese diplomacy always differed by its pragmatism and large flexibility. In feudal China there was an advanced organisation of a diplomatic service.

The diplomatic efforts of the states, existing on the territory of India in the Middle Ages, were directed on the submission of fine and average principality by military and diplomatic means. The Portuguese and Dutch merchants, official representatives of the English and Moscow states supported the incidental diplomatic connections.

The appearance of the professional staff of diplomats goes back to 15-16 centuries. Absolute states create the army and extensive diplomatic service. In many states there are bodies of foreign affairs and embassies of constant activity. As the historians testify, Italy first began to direct constant representations at foreign court. The first embassy was authorised and directed to Florence (1446). Florence, in its turn, directed the ambassadors to other states. The special rules were produced for ambassadors. Famous Florentines: Dante, Petrarka, Bokacho and later Makievelly were involved in the diplomatic service. Florence even delivered the diplomats for other countries, such as Czech, France, England. Other West-European countries began to direct the constant diplomatic representatives in the 16th century. The ambassadorial business promoted appearance of the special profession. The international professional diplomats appeared, who served to different governors.

After constant diplomatic representations at the beginning of the 16th century Pope nuncioship arises. The Pope nominates nuncio in Germany, France and England.

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T he creation of special bodies of foreign affairs for the direction and control of the activity of diplomatic representations was necessary. In the 16th century in France the basis of uniform of central body of foreign policy were incorporated. All foreign affairs were transferred to the French Secretary of state in 1589 and his successor had received a title of the state minister.

In England in 1792 the ministry of foreign affairs was formed. Before this time during early Middle Ages the foreign correspondence was managed by clerk, later this post was transformed into the post of a secretary, then royal secretary, and state secretary. In result of later transformations the special department, headed by one more state secretary, was created.

In Russia the Ambassadorial order is replaced by the Board of foreign affairs and later by Ministry of foreign affairs.

The creation of foreign policy bodies appeared in many countries. In the USA, after ending struggle of the American people for independence and transformation of the Union of states of Northern America to the Federal state, the Foreign policy department, led by State secretary, was created.

With development of diplomatic institutions the rules of law of interaction between states were simultaneously developed, the special branch of legal science - international law appeared. In 16-17 centuries there were studies, devoted to ambassadorial activity and the rights of ambassadors, diplomatic practice, etiquette etc. The methods and measures of diplomacy, the diplomatic protocols were born in difficult times. The expansion of political interactions of states promoted development of institutions of the diplomatic service. By the 18th century the process of registration of the diplomatic service in all European countries was completed. It was necessary to issue the activity of the diplomatic service in international-legal plan.

Other form of diplomatic activity became diplomatic congresses, where the disputable international problems were adjusted. Westvaco peace treaty in 1648, made after the ending of thirty-year war, had established some principles of constant relations between states.

Simultaneously with the establishment of the diplomatic service and the formation of the diplomatic law, the practice of the conclusion of

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a greements between states on an exchange by consular establishments, the consular law gradually began to be formed.

In the period of 16-19 centuries there was a constant qualified diplomatic staff in worldwide.