Conversational Practice

1. Agree with the following statements, adding your own comments. Use the introductory phrases:

That’s right.

There is no denying that … .

There is no point of disagreeing that … .

1. A computer is a combination of computer hardware and software.

2. The hardware of a computer consists of a central processing unit (a memory) and peripheral equipment.

3. The basic computer hardware can operate only upon numeric program instructions.

4. The software of a computer consists of sequences (strings) of instructions that may be expressed in a variety of programming languages.

5. The writing of the higher-level programs is generally known as software.

6. Microprograms are sometimes classified as “firmware”, thereby signifying their intermediate status between hardware and software.

2. Suppose that the information in the statement is insufficient. Repeat the statement and add your own reasoning, thus developing the idea. Use the following phrases:

There’s one more thing to be noted …

I may as well add that …

Moreover …

You’ve omitted …

What is missing (lacking) in the statement is that …

1. A computer has essentially only three parts: a memory, an instruction processor and a data processor.

2. A datum is anything that can be an operand.

3. Memory holds both data and instructions.

4. Instructions are organized into programs, often called routines or codes.

3. Express your personal view on the statement given below. Use the following phrases:

As for me … .

As concerns … .

As far as I am concerned … .

What I mean to say is … .

In conclusion, I may say … .

To summarize the topic … .

Software can never equal brainware.

4. Give a short summary of the text.

Text B. Computer Crime

1. Read and translate the text: Computer Crime

In many businesses, computers have immensely replaced paperwork, because they are fast, flexible, and do not make mistakes. Computers are honest: unlike humans, they never have a bad day. Many banks advertise that their transactions are "untouched by human hands" and therefore are safe from human temptation. Obviously, computers have no reason to steal money. But they also have no conscience, and the growing number of computer crimes shows they can be used to steal.

Computer criminals don't use guns. And even if they are caught, it is hard to punish them because there are no witnesses and often no evidence. A computer cannot remember who used it: it simply does what it is told. The head teller at a New York City bank used to steal more than one and a half million dollars in last four years. No one noticed this theft because he moved money from one account to another. Each time a customer he had robbed questioned the balance of his account, the teller claimed a computer error, then replaced the missing money from someone else's account. This man was caught only because he was a gambler. When the police broke up an illegal gambling operation, his name was in records.

Some employees use the computer's power to get revenge on employers they consider unfair. Recently, a large insurance company fired its computer-tape librarian for reasons that involved her personal rather than her professional life. She was given a thirty days’ notice. In those thirty days, she erased all the company's computerized records.

Most computer criminals have been minor employees. Now police wonder if this is "the top of the iceberg." As one official says, "I have a feeling that there is more crime out there than we are catching. What we are seeing now is all so poorly done. I wonder what the real experts are doing – the ones who really know how a computer works."

Active Vocabulary

account	obviously
company	teller
computer-tape librarian	temptation
conscience	to advertise
crime	to catch
customer	to fire
employee	to get revenge
evidence	to notice
flexible	to punish
gambler	to rob
gun	to steal
immensely	transaction
insurance	witness
involve