10 Поставьте к тексту пять вопросов различных типов на англий-ском языке. Контрольное задание № 2

Чтобы правильно выполнить контрольное задание № 2, необходимо повторить грамматический и лексический материал предыдущего за-дания, прочесть и перевести тексты методических указаний, реко-мендуемых кафедрой, закрепить слова и выражения, усвоить следую-щие грамматические темы:

1 Степени сравнения прилагательных и наречий.

2 Сравнительные конструкции.

3 Пассивный залог.

4 Модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты.

5 Придаточные предложения (дополнительные, определительные, обсто-ятельственные).

6 Структура утвердительных и вопросительных предложений (пов-торение).

В а р и а н т 1

1 Перепишите прилагательные, запишите их сравнительную и превосходную степени. Переведите.

Big, small, beautiful, efficient, high, fast, well, expensive.

2 Перепишите и письменно переведите только те предложения, которые содержат прилагательные или наречия в сравнительной либо превосходной степени.

1) Maglev trains can travel extremely fast.

2) In terms of energy consumption Мaglev trains are slightly better off than conventional trains.

3) A Мaglev guidance track takes up less room than a conventional high speed railway.

4) The Transrapid is a high-speed monorail train using magnetic levitation.

5) The highest recorded speed of a Maglev train is 580 kilometers per hour.

3 Перепишите предложения, подчеркните подлежащее и сказуе-мое. Определите видо-временную форму сказуемого. Предложения письменно переведите.

1) The radio was invented by Popov in 1895.

2) The planets are attached by the sun.

3) The article will have been translated by 7 p.m.

4) Goods are usually examined at custom-houses.

5) He has been given a ticket to the concert.

4 Раскройте скобки, выбирая подходящую форму глагола. Пред-ложения письменно переведите.

1) He (answered, was answered) my question yesterday.

2) Hockey (plays, is played) in winter.

3) At the station they will (meet, be met) their friend from Canada.

4) Nick will (send, be sent) to Moscow next week.

5) These trees (were planted, planted) last autumn.

5 Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения, подчер-кните союзы придаточных предложений.

1) When we shall start our experiment is uncertain.

2) He said that the ship would arrive in Hamburg at 5 o’clock.

3) Do you know anyone who can speak Italian?

4) We came to the lecture just as the professor was speaking about new methods of data processing.

5) I’m late because I have been held up by the traffic.

6 Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения. Подчерк-ните модальные глаголы.

1) His German is very poor, he must study very hard.

2) She must be at home; she can't go away because there is no one to look after her sick mother.

3) Look out! There is some oil on the floor. You may slip and get hurt.

4) What are you doing this weekend? – I don’t know yet. I might go to the cinema.

5) You were rude to Kate yesterday. You should ring her up and apologize.

7 Перепишите и письменно переведите интернациональные слова.

Motor, record, kilometer, infrastructure, engineer, system, airport, regular.

8 Прочтите текст. Перепишите и письменно переведите заглавие и текст.

MAGNETICALLY LEVITATED TRAINS

1 Speaking about high speed trains we can't but mention Maglevs (Magnetically levitated trains). These trains are often referred to as Magnetically Levitated trains which is abbreviated to Maglev. A Мaglev train floats about 10 mm above the guiding track on a magnetic field and is propelled by a linear induction motor. A floating train offers certain benefits over conventional steel rail on steel wheel railways. First of all, there is no friction. Note that there will still be air resistance. The second advantage is less noise. The final advantage is speed because Мaglev trains can travel extremely fast, i.e. 500km/h. The highest recorded speed of a Maglev train is 580 kilometers per hour, achieved in Japan in 2003, 6 kilometers per hour faster than the conventional wheel-rail speed record.

2 We must mention several disadvantages with Мaglev trains. Maglev guidance tracks are more costly than conventional steel railways. The other main disadvantage is lack of existing infrastructure. In terms of energy consumption Мaglev trains are slightly better off than conventional trains but they are really more environmentally friendly.

3 Germany was the only country with solid plans for a Мaglev railway. German engineers developed the Transrapid, a high-speed monorail train using magnetic levitation. Based on a patent from 1934, planning of the Transrapid system started in 1969. The test facility for the system was completed in 1987. The Transrapid is an electrically driven, environmentally friendly, high-speed means of transport. German engineers claim also that a maglev guidance track takes up less room. It means that a new guidance track would be less disruptive to the countryside than a conventional high speed railway.

4 In 2000 the Chinese government ordered to build a Transrapid track connecting Shanghai to its International Airport. Now the Shanghai Maglev Train transports people 30 km to the airport in just 7 minutes 20 seconds. Its top speed is 430 km/h. The line was inaugurated in 2002 and regular daily trips started in March 2004.

9 Выпишите из 4-го абзаца текста предложение, содержащее гла-гол в страдательном залоге, переведите его.

10 Письменно задайте один общий и один специальный вопрос к 4-му абзацу текста.

В а р и а н т 2

1 Перепишите прилагательные, запишите их сравнительную и превосходную степени. Переведите.

Heavy, short, dirty, comfortable, quiet, far, low, dry.

2 Перепишите и письменно переведите только те предложения, которые содержат прилагательные или наречия в сравнительной либо превосходной степени.

1) Solar vehicles are not practical day-to-day-transportation devices at present.

2) This device is extremely small.

3) This room is smaller than all the rooms in the house.

4) This exercise is better than the last one.

5) This type of vehicles will find more and more spheres of practical application.

3 Перепишите предложения, подчеркните подлежащее и сказуе-мое. Определите видо-временную форму сказуемого. Предложения письменно переведите.

1) This bridge was built in 1988.

2) Business letters are usually written on special forms.

3) The matter will be discussed at the next meeting.

4) He had been offered some interesting work.

5) The students are being examined in room 10.

4 Раскройте скобки, выбирая подходящую форму глагола. Пред-ложения письменно переведите.

1) Flowers (sell, are sold) in shops and in the streets.

2) We (didn’t see, were not seen) him yesterday.

3) I (gave, was given) a very interesting book at the library last Friday.

4) Our teacher (gave, was given) us his phone number.

5) His new book will (finish, be finished) next year.

5 Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения, подче-ркните союзы придаточных предложений.

1) That he has made a mistake is strange.

2) I know that Marie Curie discovered radioactivity.

3) The head of the department said that it would be difficult to reduce production costs.

4) He went to the lecture early because he wanted to get a good seat.

5) He asked us what we thought of his last article in that journal.

6 Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения. Подчерк-ните модальные глаголы.

1) You must always think twice before you say anything.

2) He can speak English rather fluently.

3) Don’t touch that! You may get an electric shock.

4) You must never smoke near petrol.

5) He didn’t pass his driving test first time. He had to take it three times.

7 Перепишите и письменно переведите интернациональные слова.

Solar, transportation, to combine, automotive industry, traditional, passenger, to generate, practical.

8 Прочтите текст. Перепишите и письменно переведите заглавие и текст.

SOLAR CARS

1 A solar vehicle is an electric vehicle powered by a type of renewable energy, by solar energy obtained from solar panels on the surface (generally, the roof) of the vehicle. Photovoltaic cells convert the Sun's energy directly into electrical energy. Solar vehicles are not practical day-to-day-transportation devices at present.

2 Solar cars combine technology typically used in the aerospace, bicycle, alternative energy and automotive industries. The design of a solar vehicle is severely limited by the energy input into the car. Virtually all solar cars ever built have been for the purpose of solar car races. Like many race cars, the driver's cockpit usually only contains room for one person, although a few cars contain room for a second passenger. They contain some of the features available to drivers of traditional vehicles such as brakes, accelerator, turn signals, rear view mirrors (or camera), ventilation and sometimes cruise control.

3 A solar bicycle or tricycle has the advantage of very low weight and can use the rider’s foot power to supplement the power generated by the solar panel roof. In this way, a comparatively simple and inexpensive vehicle can be driven without the use of any fossil fuels.

4 The first solar «cars» were actually tricycles or quadricycles built with bicycle technology. Today highly developed electric bicycles are available and these use little power. The same system can also work for electric motorcycles, solar ships and solar airplanes.

5 This type of vehicles no doubt is environmentally friendly and will find more and more spheres of practical application. An inventor from Michigan has recently built a street legal, licensed, insured, solar charged electric scooter. But now one practical application for solar-powered vehicles is possibly golf carts.

9 Выпишите из 4-го абзаца текста предложение, содержащее модальный глагол. Переведите его.

10 Письменно задайте один общий и один специальный вопрос к 4-му абзацу текста.

В а р и а н т 3

1 Перепишите прилагательные, запишите их сравнительную и превосходную степени. Переведите.

Thick, clean, near, bad, early, fresh, late, attentive.

2 Перепишите и письменно переведите только те предложения, которые содержат прилагательные или наречия в сравнительной либо превосходной степени.

1) Iron is the most useful of all metals.

2) Our house is lower than yours.

3) Computers have become the engine for the greatest changes since the industrial revolution.

4) The twenty-second of December is the shortest day of the year.

5) The modern computer age was really started by Alan Turing.

3 Перепишите предложения, подчеркните подлежащее и сказуе-мое. Определите видо-временную форму сказуемого. Предложения письменно переведите.

1) The paper was cut with a knife.

2) Cranes are used for lifting heavy weights.

3) The accounts will be checked every month.

4) Where is the doctor? – He has just been sent for.

5) The students had been examined by July 15.

4 Раскройте скобки, выбирая подходящую форму глагола. Пре-дложения письменно переведите.

1) Tomorrow our guide will (take, be taken) us to the Russian Museum.

2) Bread (eat, be eaten) every day.

3) This work (did, was done) yesterday.

4) The students (are translating, are being translated) this text now.

5) Our friend (invited, was invited) to a concert last Saturday.

5 Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения, подчер-кните союзы придаточных предложений.

1) Whether they will come today is not known yet.

2) Do you know who invented the radio?

3) As soon as we received his report we instructed our office to analyze all new data.

4) The rate at which a material heats up depends on its chemical compo-sition.

5) What’s the name of the student whose article was published in this journal?

6 Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения. Подчерк-ните модальные глаголы.

1) Where is Sara? I haven't seen her for a long time. – She must be at her friend’s. She wanted to spend July with them.

2) Under the law you are allowed to make one photocopy for your personal use but you can't make multiple copies.

3) He should go to the dentist's.

4) Do you have to go there?

5) The student said that he could finish his work in time.

7 Перепишите и письменно переведите интернациональные слова.

Computer, electronic, logical, operation, industrial revolution, to control, automating, digital.

8 Прочтите текст. Перепишите и письменно переведите заглавие и текст.

DAWN OF THE DIGITAL INFORMATION ERA

1 Computer is an electronic device designed to accept data, perform prescribed mathematical and logical operations at high speed, and display the results of these operations. Computers and the semiconductors that power them, have invaded almost every aspect of our lives and become the engine for perhaps the greatest changes since the industrial revolution.

2 In 1801, Joseph-Marie Jacquard developed a loom in which the pattern being woven was controlled by punched cards. The series of cards could be changed without changing the mechanical design of the loom¹. Later in Britain Charles Babbage, «the father of the computer» began designing the analytical engine which could use punched cards and included a memory unit.

3 But the modern computer age was really started by Alan Turing in 1937. He invented the Turing machine, on which all modern computers are based. With knowledge of Alan Turing's theoretical «universal computing machine» John von Neumann defined an architecture which uses the same memory both to store programs and data: virtually all contemporary computers use this architecture (or some variant).

4 In 1964 IBM introduced the first mainframe computer family and ushered in what has been called the first wave of computing. From a business perspective, the mainframe era enabled companies to cut costs and improve efficiency by automating difficult and time consuming processes. The next computing wave was led by the minicomputer makers. The development of the personal computer and personal productivity software was the third wave of computing.

5 The Internet has its origins in the 1970s. But only after the mid-1990s and the commercialization of the Internet the true value of internetworking became apparent. The growth of the Internet and the World Wide Web in particular since then has been astonishing.

Примечания к тексту:

¹⁾ loom – ткацкий станок

9 Выпишите из 2-го абзаца текста предложение, содержащее модальный глагол. Переведите его.

10 Письменно задайте один общий и один специальный вопрос ко 2-му абзацу текста.

В а р и а н т 4

1 Перепишите прилагательные, запишите их сравнительную и превосходную степени. Переведите.

Full, famous, little, funny, much, rich, nice, sad.

2 Перепишите и письменно переведите только те предложения, которые содержат прилагательные или наречия в сравнительной либо превосходной степени.

1) Road transport is the largest contributor to global warming.

2) Cars (with four passengers) can emit about three times more carbon per passenger than trains over the same distance of travel.

3) Transport is the fastest-growing emission source.

4) The efficiency of road vehicles is generally low.

5) His plan is more practical than yours.

3 Перепишите предложения, подчеркните подлежащее и сказуе-мое. Определите видо-временную форму сказуемого. Предложения письменно переведите.

1) Our luggage was examined by the customs officer.

2) The bridge will be built next year.

3) This question was being discussed when I entered the room.

4) Were you invited to the concert?

5) My watch has been stolen!

4 Раскройте скобки, выбирая подходящую форму глагола. Пред-ложения письменно переведите.

1) The foreign tourists (leave, are left) the key with the clerk downstairs.

2) From the station they will (take, be taken) straight to the hotel.

3) The letter (receives, was received) yesterday.

4) Mushrooms (gather, are gathered) in autumn.

5) You may (leave, be left) your hat and coat in the cloakroom down-stairs.

5 Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения, подчер-кните союзы придаточных предложений.

1) The trouble is that I have lost his address.

2) The said he was glad about the results of the experiment.

3) Alexander Bell was a man who invented the telephone.

4) The teacher speaks slowly so that all students may understand him.

5) I had wanted to visit the exhibition before I left Minsk, but it’s closed on Mondays.

6 Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения. Подчерк-ните модальные глаголы.

1) We must go in. The weather is changing.

2) The bar is rigid. You can’t bend it.

3) You shouldn’t plaster the wall until you have installed the electrical wiring.

4) She was able to do it without my help.

5) You needn’t come so early.

7 Перепишите и письменно переведите интернациональные слова.

Oxide, transport, global, number, efficiency, economy, passenger, natural.

8 Прочтите текст. Перепишите и письменно переведите заглавие и текст.

TRANSPORT AND ENVIRONMENT

1 The environmental impact of transport is significant because it is a major user of energy, and burns most of the world's petroleum. This creates air pollution, including nitrous oxides and particulates, and is a significant contributor to global warming through emission of carbon dioxide, for which transport is the fastest-growing emission sector. Other environmental impacts of transport systems include traffic congestion and automobile-oriented urban sprawl, which can destroy natural habitat and agricultural lands.

2 By subsector, road transport is the largest contributor to global warming. Environmental regulations in developed countries have reduced the individual vehicles emission; however, this has been offset by an increase in the number of vehicles, and more use of each vehicle. Besides, road vehicle efficiency is generally low. Manufacturers mostly market their products on the basis of performance rather than economy. Only about 15 % of the energy from burning fossil fuel in a car goes to turn the wheels! Over 60 % is lost in engine friction.

3 Energy use and emissions vary largely between modes. If we compare the impact of travel by trains with planes then trains emit about a fifteenth of the carbon emissions of aircraft per passenger over the same distance of travel. If we compare the impact of travel by cars with trains then cars (with four passengers) can emit about three times more carbon per passenger over the same distance of travel. That’s why environmentalists call for a transition from air and road to rail and human-powered transport.

4 We must make a decision. By reducing transportation emissions globally, it is predicted that there will be significant positive effects on Earth's air quality, acid rain, smog and climate change.

9 Выпишите из 4-го абзаца текста предложение, содержащее модальный глагол. Переведите его.

10 Задайте письменно один общий и один специальный вопрос к 4-му абзацу текста.

В а р и а н т 5

1 Перепишите прилагательные, запишите их сравнительную и превосходную степени. Переведите.

Large, little, practical, fat, early, important, bright, clever.

2 Перепишите и письменно переведите только те предложения, которые содержат прилагательные или наречия в сравнительной либо превосходной степени.

1) The Tran Siberian railway is the longest in the world.

2) Silver is heavier than copper.

3) Alternative energy can be widely produced with basic equipment.

4) Petrol is getting more and more expensive.

5) Do you work much?

3 Перепишите предложения, подчеркните подлежащее и сказуе-мое. Определите видо-временную форму сказуемого. Предложения письменно переведите.

1) This question is being discussed at the conference.

2) The goods were examined yesterday.

3) I have just been told the news.

4) He was offered a better job.

5) The results of the experiment will be published tomorrow.

4 Раскройте скобки, выбирая подходящую форму глагола. Пред-ложения письменно переведите.

1) The porter (brought, was brought) his luggage to his room.

2) She will (meet, be met) them in the hall upstairs.

3) Many houses (build, are built) in our town every year.

4) Peter the Great (founded, was founded ) St. Petersburg in 1703.

5) Your luggage will (bring, be brought) up in the lift.

5 Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения, подчеркните союзы придаточных предложений.

1) The weather is not what it was yesterday.

2) I don’t know when he will come.

3) Barbara works for a company which makes washing machines.

4) When we finally arrived at the station the train had already left.

5) I had very little to do because I had finished all my work.

6 Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения. Подчер-кните модальные глаголы.

1) She ought to give up smoking.

2) I can’t do it on Friday, but I shall be able to do it next week.

3) Welding can be dangerous. That’s why you must wear a special mask.

4) I really must go home. I have to get up early tomorrow.

5) She will be able to finish her work next week.

7 Перепишите и письменно переведите интернациональные слова.

Alternative energy, carbon dioxide, natural, process, agricultural, biomass, solar, material.

8 Прочтите текст. Перепишите и письменно переведите заглавие и текст.

^{ALTERNATIVE SOURCES OF ENERGY}

1 Alternative energy is a term that refers to any source of energy intended to replace fuel sources without the undesired consequences of the conventional fuels. In general, alternative energy is that which is produced without the undesired consequences of the burning of fossil fuels, such as high carbon dioxide emissions, the major factor of global warming.

2 Renewable energy is energy generated from natural resources – such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides and geothermal heat – which are renewable. If we compare the processes for producing energy, there remain several fundamental differences between renewable energy and fossil fuels. The process of producing oil, coal, or natural gas fuel requires a lot of complex equipment, physical and chemical processes. On the other hand, alternative energy can be widely produced with basic equipment and naturally basic processes. Wood, the most renewable and available so called «alternative» energy, burns with the same amount of carbon emissions it would emit if it degraded naturally. Waste products of the timber industry, agricultural crops and raw materials from the forest are important energy sources of biomass.

3 But not all renewable energy sources are totally environmentally friendly. For example, the Netherlands, once leader in use of palm oil as a biofuel, has suspended all subsidies for palm oil because large areas of rain wood have been destroyed for its production.

4 Solar power is a promising alternative to fossil fuels, as it gives off no carbon dioxide waste and uses the natural energy from our sun to generate electricity. After the lifetime of the solar panel, the materials that were used to make it could be recycled. Solar power can be used in the development of the 3rd world economies, as it is extremely cost effective in the long run.