- •Vocabulary of some linguistic terms used in the text 22
- •Part 1. Theory section
- •1. Clauses and sentences
- •1.1. Classification of simple sentences
- •2. Parts of a sentence
- •2.1. The subject
- •2.2. The predicate
- •2.2.1. The double predicate
- •2.2.2. Mixed types of predicates
- •2.3. The object
- •2.3.1. The direct object
- •2.3.2. The indirect object
- •2.3.3. The prepositional object
- •2.3.4. The cognate12 object
- •2.4. The adverbial modifier
- •2.5. The attribute
- •2.6. Homogeneous parts of the sentence
- •2.7. Independent elements of the sentence
- •2.8. Detached parts of the sentence
- •3. Simple sentence analysis
- •4. Composite sentence analysis
- •5. The subjunctive mood
- •5.1. The category of mood
- •5.2. Classification of the subjunctive mood forms
- •The synthetic forms
- •5.2.1. The subjunctive I
- •5.2.2. The subjunctive II
- •The analytical forms
- •5.2.3. The conditional mood
- •5.2. The suppositional mood
- •5.2.5. Modal verbs
- •5.2.6. Tendency to use contracted forms of mood auxiliaries
- •6. Basic patterns with the subjunctive mood in simple sentences
- •6.1. The conditional mood
- •7.4. Attributive appositive clauses
- •7.5. Adverbial clauses of unreal condition
- •Part 2. Practice section Exercise 1. Answer the following questions:
- •Exercise 2. Define the kinds of the following simple sentences:
- •Exercise 3. Answer the following questions:
- •Exercise 4. Point out the subject and state what it is expressed by.
- •Exercise 5. State the types of the predicates in the following sentences.
- •Exercise 6. State the type of the objects in the following sentences.
- •Exercise 7. State the types of the adverbial modifiers in the following sentences.
- •Exercise 8. Point out the attributes in the following sentences and state what they are expressed by.
- •Exercise 10. Point out the complex parts of sentences and state what they are expressed by.
- •Exercise 11. Analyse the following simple sentences according to the model given in Item 6.
- •Exercise 12. Analyse the following composite sentences and draw their schemes according to the model given in Item 7.
- •Exercise 13. State the types of the following sentences: simple, compound, complex, compound-complex, complex-compound.
- •Exercise 14. Act out the following dialogue. Comment upon the forms of the subjunctive mood in it (see patterns 6.4, 6.5, 7.3.1, 7.5.4).
- •Exercise 15. Complete the following conversations expressing a wish. Follow the model given in (1) (see pattern 7.3.1).
- •Exercise 16. Complete the following sentences using the given information (see pattern 7.3.1):
- •Exercise 17. Open the brackets using the correct form expressing unreality with reference to the present/future (see patterns 7.3.1, 7.5.1).
- •Exercise 18. Use the correct form expressing unreality with reference to the past (see patterns 7.3.1, 7.5.2).
- •Exercise 19. Use the correct form expressing unreality with mixed time reference (see patterns 7.5.3, 7.5.4).
- •Exercise 21. Read and analyse the text following the instructions to the underlined words given at the end of the exercise.
- •Instructions to the underlined words:
- •Keys to the exercises Exercise 2
- •Exercise 4
- •Exercise 5
- •Exercise 6
- •Exercise 7
- •Exercise 8
- •Exercise 9
- •Exercise 10
- •Exercise 21
- •Selected bibliography1
- •Keys to symbols and abbreviations used in the text
- •Vocabulary of some linguistic terms used in the text
- •The Infinitive Syntactical Functions of the Infinitive The Subject
- •The Predicative
- •The Object
- •The Attribute
- •Omitted “to”
- •Reduced Infinitive
- •The Objective-with-the-Infinitive Construction
- •The Subjective Infinitive Construction
- •The Subject
- •The Object
- •The gerund:
- •The verbal noun:
- •The Subject
- •The Predicative
- •The Direct Object
- •The Prepositional Object
- •The Attribute
- •The Adverbial Modifier
- •The Gerundial Complex
- •Syntactical Functions of the Gerundial Complex
- •The Predicative
- •The Direct Object
- •The Prepositional Object
- •The Attribute
- •The Adverbial Modifier
- •Participle
- •The Syntactical Functions of Participle I
- •The Syntactical Functions of Participle II
- •Constructions with the Participle The Objective Participial Construction
- •The Subjective Participial Construction
- •The Nominative Absolute Participial Construction
2.2.1. The double predicate
The double predicate is intermediate between the simple verbal and the compound nominal predicate. The verb element in it fully retains its concrete meaning but functions as a link verb and is combined with a predicative. The following verbs occur in this type of predicate: come, die, fall, flush, marry, lie, leave, return, rise, sit, stand, etc. E.g.:
The moon rose red.
She married young.
The men stood silent and motionless.
2.2.2. Mixed types of predicates
There are the following types of mixed three-component predicates:
(1) the compound modal nominal predicate (Vmod + Vlink + predicative). E.g.:
You may not be a poet, but you ought to be a citizen!
(2) The compound aspect nominal predicate (Vasp + Vlink + predicative). E.g.:
I continued to be glad for that.
(3) The compound modal aspect predicate (Vmod+ Vasp + gerund). E.g.:
You may stop writing.
2.3. The object
The object is part of a sentence which usually denotes a person, thing, etc., affected by the action of the verb. The object of an active sentence can usually be turned into the subject of a passive sentence. E.g.:
Many critics disliked the play.
The play was disliked by many critics.
The object may be expressed at all structural levels of syntactic system: by any part of speech which has a nominal character or by a phrase with it (a noun, a pronoun, a substantivized adjective or participle, an infinitive, a gerund), by a predicative construction (a gerundial construction, a for-to-infinitive construction, an objective participial construction, an objective with the infinitive construction) - a complex object, and by a clause9.
There are the following types of objects in English10:
2.3.1. The direct object
is used after transitive verbs11 and denotes a person or thing directly affected by the action of the verb. E.g.: She turned her head and saw me. Some verbs (ask, answer, envy, forgive, teach) can have two direct objects. E.g.: I teach you English.
2.3.2. The indirect object
denotes the addressee of the action and may precede or follow the direct object. E.g.:
Mary gave John the towel.
Mary gave the towel to John.
When the indirect object follows the direct object it is used with the prepositions to or for.
There are verbs (announce, contribute, dedicate, describe, dictate, explain, repeat, submit, suggest, etc.) after which the indirect object is used with the preposition to even if it precedes the direct object. E.g.:
I'll dictate to you the list of verbs.
2.3.3. The prepositional object
does not express the addresses of the action and may be used with any preposition. E.g.: I went there with my brother. I'm looking for my pencil.
2.3.4. The cognate12 object
is expressed by a noun which is either of the same root as the verb or similar in meaning. E.g.: The old man lived a happy life. The soldier died a death of a hero.
2.4. The adverbial modifier
The adverbial modifier is a secondary part of the sentence modifying part of the sentence expressed by a verb, an adjective, or an adverb. It serves to characterise an action or a property as to its intensity, to indicate the way an action is done, or to show time, place, cause, purpose or condition of the action. Accordingly, adverbial modifiers are classified into adverbial modifiers of
time, place (direction), frequency, degree, measure, manner, attendant circumstances, cause, result, purpose, comparison, condition, concession.
The adverbial modifier may be expressed at all structural levels of syntactic system: practically by any part of speech or a phrase with it (but first of all by adverbs and adverbial phrases), by a predicative construction (a nominative absolute participial construction, a gerundial construction, a for-to-infmitive construction), a complex adverbial modifier, and by a clause13.