10. Read and translate the text; say what new information about plants and animals you got from it:

The present-day science of taxonomy or systematics has been recognized as a specialized branch of biology for over 200 years. During the century, a Swedish doctor and botanist Carl von Linneus travelled over most of Western Europe and England, collecting and studying the plants and animals of the region. He had a passion for classification and a genius for minute and accurate observation and for detaching the important from the trivial. His standards for describing and naming plants and animals and the criteria by which he estimated relationships and affinities were innovations for his time. His method of classification and the system he used for the comparatively limited number of organisms that were known to him are the foundations upon which the modern systematic groupings of biological systems have been built.

Linnean system of classification was founded on the concept of a basic natural grouping of like individuals, called species. He conceived of the species as a fixed and unchangeable grouping of similar individuals. He based his comparisons principally on morphological features and species was characterized, named, and filed away as an immutable entity. Such a system is essentially static and does not recognize the possibility of change. With the development of theories of evolution, the concept of species has changed. In the constant change and evolution, a species cannot be regarded as absolutely fixed.

11. Translate the text into Ukrainian and then back into English, compare your version with the original:

Living things are all about us. More than a million different kinds of plants and animals inhabit the earth. Some are our friends, others are our enemies. Some are very large and some are very small. Yet each is a distinct organism, and each has its own way of living.

Suppose you were asked to learn the names of all the living things on the earth. Try to do it. No, you couldn't do it; no one could. Fortunately, there are groups of animals and groups of plants that greatly resemble each other. Because of this fact living things may be classified into large groups.

To study living things, it is necessary to sort them into groups. About a million and a half different kinds of plants and animals have already born studied, identified and named. In fact, for people who have not studied biology, the living world is a hopeless conglomeration of individual plants and animals.

12. Write a report on С. Linneus's life and work using additional literature. Give the main points of all the texts of the lesson and be ready to speak on the topic "The History of the Science of Taxonomy".

13. Compose short dialogues for the following imaginary situations:

1. You came to a botanical museum and see a portrait of C. Linneus. Ask the guide about this scientist.

2. You saw a picture of a tiger with a sign "Panthera Tigris". Ask your friend to explain what it means.

3. You are to prepare a story on the system of classification, but you don't know what sources to use. Ask your friend for advice. What books on Linneus can he recommend?

4. The teacher points to the tree and asks what it is. One student says that it is a common birch, the other – that it is Betula verrucosa. Each insists that he is right. How will you settle their argument?

ЗМІСТОВИЙ МОДУЛЬ 3.

ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ В ГАЛУЗІ БІОЛОГІЇ

LESSON FIVE

THE MICROSCOPE

Grammar: Perfect Tenses.

1. Read the following words and guess their meaning: