- •1. The sentence. The structural classification. The simple sentence.
- •2.Communicative types of sentences
- •5. The subject. Ways of expressing the subject.
- •3.Modality. Oblique moods in simple sentences.
- •6. The subjects “It” and “There”.
- •8. The category of number. Irregular plurals.
- •7. The noun. Semantic classification.
- •9. Singular and plural invariable nouns.
- •13. The use of the definite article with countable nouns.
- •10. Agreement with the simple subject. Pronouns as subjects.
- •11. Agreement of the predicate with phrasal and homogeneous subjects.
- •14. The use of articles with material nouns.
- •12. The case of noun. The use of the genitive case.
- •15. The use of articles with abstract nouns .
- •16. The use of articles with names of persons.
- •17. The use of articles with place names.
- •18. The use of article with nouns in some sintactic functions.
- •21. Verb complementation. Intransitive & monotr. Verbs.
- •23. Verb complementation. Ditransitive and copular verbs
- •24. The Object.
- •26. ADverbials
- •25. Predicative complexes that function as objects only
- •28. Predicative complexes that function as adverb only
- •29. Predicative complexes which can be any part of the sentence
- •30. The compound sentence (сложносочин.).
- •31. Complex sentences with nominal clauses.
- •32. Complex sentences with attributive clauses.
- •33. Oblique moods in nominal clauses.
- •34. Complex sentences with adverbial clauses
- •35. Oblique moods in adverbial clauses.
- •36. Subjunctive II
- •37.The conditional mood
- •38. Subjunctive I & the suppositional mood
- •39. Word order. Invertion. Emphasis.
7. The noun. Semantic classification.
The noun is a notional word which refers to people, things, ideas, feelings, qualities.
Morphological composition
Simple(cat, desk, floor)
Derived : - abstract nouns( arrival, meeting, election) - concrete noun (servant, student, dancer)
Compound nouns (airport, bluebird, living room, parents-in-law)
Semantic characteristics
Nouns can be divided into 2 groups – proper nouns and common nouns.
A proper noun is used for a particular person, place, thing which is, or is imagined to be , unique.
Common nouns are subdivided into count nouns and uncount nouns. Count nouns denote objects that can be counted: they may be either concrete (table, tree) or abstract (idea, question). Uncount nouns are names of objects that cannot be counted. They may be material (silver,milk) or abstract (love, friendship).
There are a number of nouns in Engl. which refer to a set of objects collected together. These nouns are called collective nouns. They include group nouns, nouns of multitude and mass nouns.
Group nouns refer to groups of individuals: army, crew, crowd, family, minority. G. nouns also include proper names, such as the name of a country denoting a national team(England) or the name of a business company. Nouns of multitude are used as plural but have no plural ending: people, police, clergy, gentry, cattle. Mass nouns fall into 2 groups: those which are always used in the sing. and those which are always used in the pl. The sing. Mass nouns denote the substance which is divisible into separate things: furniture consist of pieces of furniture, grass consists of separate blades of grass. Some more: clothing, food, homerwork, mail. The plural mass nouns are marked by the plural endings -s: archives, belongings, clothes, earnings, goods.
9. Singular and plural invariable nouns.
Singular invariable: Material nouns: sand, water, silver, Abstract nouns: music, Proper names: the Thames, London, substantivized adjectives denoting abstract notions: the inevitable, Some nouns ending in –S (some diseases: mumps, measles, some games: billiards, darts), Subject names in -ics: aerobics, genetics, linguistics. Some proper names:, Wales, the United States.
Plural invariable: Words denoting things consisting of two matching parts: glasses, jeans trousers, miscellaneous nouns: archives, customs, earnings, some plural proper names: the Middle Ages, the Midlands, nouns of multitude: cattle, police, clergy, substantivized adjectives denoting people: the rich, the poor, the old, the young.
13. The use of the definite article with countable nouns.
Functions: specifying, generic. The definite article in its specifying function serves to single out an object from all other objects of the same kind. The specification is carried out by means of the situation, the context, the meaning of the noun.
Specification can be also carried out by various kinds of limiting attributes.
Prepositive limiting modifiers.
Adjectives in the superlative degree.
Ordinal numerals.
Limiting adjectives and same (the main reason, the right way)
but an only child!!!
Attributive proper nouns (The Pushkin Theatre.)
Nominal modifiers (the colour red, the number seven.)
Pospositive limiting modifier.
Prepositional of-phrase. (a book of interest, a distance of 3 miles)
Attributive restrictive clause (give additional information)
The definite article in its generic function indicates reference to a whole class. (The horse lives for forty years. (names of animals, plants, professions, scientific terms)