- •1. The sentence. The structural classification. The simple sentence.
- •2.Communicative types of sentences
- •5. The subject. Ways of expressing the subject.
- •3.Modality. Oblique moods in simple sentences.
- •6. The subjects “It” and “There”.
- •8. The category of number. Irregular plurals.
- •7. The noun. Semantic classification.
- •9. Singular and plural invariable nouns.
- •13. The use of the definite article with countable nouns.
- •10. Agreement with the simple subject. Pronouns as subjects.
- •11. Agreement of the predicate with phrasal and homogeneous subjects.
- •14. The use of articles with material nouns.
- •12. The case of noun. The use of the genitive case.
- •15. The use of articles with abstract nouns .
- •16. The use of articles with names of persons.
- •17. The use of articles with place names.
- •18. The use of article with nouns in some sintactic functions.
- •21. Verb complementation. Intransitive & monotr. Verbs.
- •23. Verb complementation. Ditransitive and copular verbs
- •24. The Object.
- •26. ADverbials
- •25. Predicative complexes that function as objects only
- •28. Predicative complexes that function as adverb only
- •29. Predicative complexes which can be any part of the sentence
- •30. The compound sentence (сложносочин.).
- •31. Complex sentences with nominal clauses.
- •32. Complex sentences with attributive clauses.
- •33. Oblique moods in nominal clauses.
- •34. Complex sentences with adverbial clauses
- •35. Oblique moods in adverbial clauses.
- •36. Subjunctive II
- •37.The conditional mood
- •38. Subjunctive I & the suppositional mood
- •39. Word order. Invertion. Emphasis.
1. The sentence. The structural classification. The simple sentence.
The sentence is a minimal text unit which may be used in communication to express a complete message.
Sentence: simple (one-member/ two member (complete/Elliptical)) and complex (complete/elliptical) compound).
THE SIMPLE SENTENCE. Two-member sentence The basic pattern of a simple sentence is one subject-predicate unit.
a) unextended sentences:The child laughed. It is snowing.
b) sentences extended by obligatory elements: The child caught the ball.
c) sentences extended by optional elements: The child laughed merrily. My friend Mary is a very kind nurse. One-member sentences:A one-member sentence contains only one principal part which is neither the subject nor the predicate.
There are nominal and verbal one-member sentences:
a) nominal sentences are those in which the principal part is expressed by a noun or adjective. They state the existence of things. They are typical of descriptions. Silence., (unext) English spring flowers! (extended)
b) verbal one-member sentences are those in which the principal part is expressed by a non-finite form of the verb, either an infinitive or a gerund. These sentences are mostly used to describe different emotional perceptions of reality. To think of that! Living at the mercy of a woman! A one-member sentence is complete. No other element of it is implied or felt as missing or necessary.
Elliptical sentences: An elliptical two-member sentence is a sentence in which one or more word-forms in the subject and the predicate positions are omitted. These words can be omitted because they have only grammatical, structural relevance, they do not carry any new relevant information (Looks like rain. You sure?)
2.Communicative types of sentences
According to their role in the process of communication sentences are divided into four types: declarative, interrogative, imperative, exclamatory sentences.
DECLARATIVE SENTENCES or statements. A statement may be positive (affirmative) or negative: Grammatically, statements are characterized by the direct order of words.
INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES The communicative function of the interrogative sentences consists in asking for information. Two main types of questions: general questions (yes-no), special. The two main types have a number of structural and communicative modifications.
IMPERATIVE SENTENCES express commands. Besides, imperative sentences may express prohibition, request, invitation, warning, etc.
EXCLAMATORY SENTENCES Exclamatory sentences express ideas emphatically.
5. The subject. Ways of expressing the subject.
A subject is a part of a sentence which denotes an agent, an instrument or other participants in an action. The subject is usually the topic of the sentence. The subject is characterized by the following formal features. It is basically formed by a noun phrase or a pronoun (also a numeral, a gerund, an infinitive, a predicative complex, a nominal clause, etc. Structurally subjects can be of four kinds: simple-expressed by a single word form (The rain is heavy), phrasal-expressed by a phrase(Two and three is five) complex-expressed by a predicative complex (a for –to-infinitive construction (It’s easy for you to talk so), a gerundial complex (Your knowing a thing …), clausal-expressed by a subject clause. (What I need is a piece of good advice).