- •1. The sentence. The structural classification. The simple sentence.
- •2.Communicative types of sentences
- •5. The subject. Ways of expressing the subject.
- •3.Modality. Oblique moods in simple sentences.
- •6. The subjects “It” and “There”.
- •8. The category of number. Irregular plurals.
- •7. The noun. Semantic classification.
- •9. Singular and plural invariable nouns.
- •13. The use of the definite article with countable nouns.
- •10. Agreement with the simple subject. Pronouns as subjects.
- •11. Agreement of the predicate with phrasal and homogeneous subjects.
- •14. The use of articles with material nouns.
- •12. The case of noun. The use of the genitive case.
- •15. The use of articles with abstract nouns .
- •16. The use of articles with names of persons.
- •17. The use of articles with place names.
- •18. The use of article with nouns in some sintactic functions.
- •21. Verb complementation. Intransitive & monotr. Verbs.
- •23. Verb complementation. Ditransitive and copular verbs
- •24. The Object.
- •26. ADverbials
- •25. Predicative complexes that function as objects only
- •28. Predicative complexes that function as adverb only
- •29. Predicative complexes which can be any part of the sentence
- •30. The compound sentence (сложносочин.).
- •31. Complex sentences with nominal clauses.
- •32. Complex sentences with attributive clauses.
- •33. Oblique moods in nominal clauses.
- •34. Complex sentences with adverbial clauses
- •35. Oblique moods in adverbial clauses.
- •36. Subjunctive II
- •37.The conditional mood
- •38. Subjunctive I & the suppositional mood
- •39. Word order. Invertion. Emphasis.
3.Modality. Oblique moods in simple sentences.
Mood is a form of verb which shows in what relation to reality the speaker places the action expressed by a predicate verb.
THE INDICATIVE MOOD presentes actions as real facts in the present past or future.
THE IMPERATIVE MOOD expresses a command or request to perform an action.
Oblique mood forms (Subjunctive II, Conditional and Suppositional)
SIMPLE SENTENCE 1. Subjunctive II (past simple, past perfect) is used in exclamatory sentences beginning with 'Oh, that ...', If only ...' (Oh, that the rain were over! (present) If only he had come! (past))
Such sentences express wish or regret and are characteristic of literary style. Subjunctive II is found in simple sentences with modal verbs. (Could you come again tomorrow? You might have opened the door for me.)
2. The Conditional Mood (would+non-perf, perf) is used to denote unreal actions in simple sentences (I wouldn't waste my time on rubbish in your place).
In simple sentences only Subjunctive I is used in a few set expressions (Success attend you! So be it)
3. The Suppositional (should+inf) Mood is used only in one type of interrogative sentences beginning with 'And what if ... ? (And what if he should come back?)
6. The subjects “It” and “There”.
The pronoun IT may represent a living being or a thing (notional subject), or it can be just a formal IT.
Notional IT has 2 meanings: 1. Personal IT (in Russian = он, она, оно). The elephant is intelligent. IT never forgets.
2. Demonstrative IT (It’s me, It’s Kate).
Formal IT: 1. Impersonal IT (It’s cold)
2. Introductory IT (It’s a pity that you’re leaving so early)
3. Emphatic IT (It was Mike, who broke the window)
EXISTENTIAL THERE Sentences with the existential there express the existence or coming into existence of a person or non-person denoted by the notional subject. Most typically, a sentence with the existential there has the following structure: There + be + indefinite NP (nominal phrase). There's a bear sitting in the corner. There tells us that someone or something that has not been mentioned before exists, happens, etc.
8. The category of number. Irregular plurals.
Number is the form of the noun which shows whether one or more than one object is meant. Some nouns in English have both the sing. and the pl. forms. These nouns are called variable nouns. Other nouns are used either only in the sing. or only in the pl. they are called invariable nouns. Variable nouns can be regular plurals and irregular plurals. Some nouns (12) ending in –f form their pl. changing –f into –v: wife-, shelf-, leaf-, loaf-, half-.life, self, elf
Others: beliefs, proofs, roofs, cliffs. Both : scarfs\scarves, handkerchief/ handkerchieves. Mutation: man-men, mouse-mice, goose-geese, louse-lice, foot-feet. en plural ox-oxen. children, brethren Some nouns have the same form in both sing. and pl. *nationality nouns: Japanese, *quantitative nouns: hundred, million, * nouns in –S: species, means, works, crossroads, *animal names: sheep, deer.
Loan words: foreign plurals are common in technical usage (formulas(general) — formulae (in maths)
Some typical number inflections of loan words: stimulus-stimuli, opus-opera, phenomenon-phenomena, stratum-strata, appendix-appendices, index-indices, basis-bases, formula-formulae