- •1. The sentence. The structural classification. The simple sentence.
- •2.Communicative types of sentences
- •5. The subject. Ways of expressing the subject.
- •3.Modality. Oblique moods in simple sentences.
- •6. The subjects “It” and “There”.
- •8. The category of number. Irregular plurals.
- •7. The noun. Semantic classification.
- •9. Singular and plural invariable nouns.
- •13. The use of the definite article with countable nouns.
- •10. Agreement with the simple subject. Pronouns as subjects.
- •11. Agreement of the predicate with phrasal and homogeneous subjects.
- •14. The use of articles with material nouns.
- •12. The case of noun. The use of the genitive case.
- •15. The use of articles with abstract nouns .
- •16. The use of articles with names of persons.
- •17. The use of articles with place names.
- •18. The use of article with nouns in some sintactic functions.
- •21. Verb complementation. Intransitive & monotr. Verbs.
- •23. Verb complementation. Ditransitive and copular verbs
- •24. The Object.
- •26. ADverbials
- •25. Predicative complexes that function as objects only
- •28. Predicative complexes that function as adverb only
- •29. Predicative complexes which can be any part of the sentence
- •30. The compound sentence (сложносочин.).
- •31. Complex sentences with nominal clauses.
- •32. Complex sentences with attributive clauses.
- •33. Oblique moods in nominal clauses.
- •34. Complex sentences with adverbial clauses
- •35. Oblique moods in adverbial clauses.
- •36. Subjunctive II
- •37.The conditional mood
- •38. Subjunctive I & the suppositional mood
- •39. Word order. Invertion. Emphasis.
36. Subjunctive II
Subjunctive II has two basic forms: non-perfect Subjunctive II is homonymous with the Past Indicative: spoke, went, built, wrote, did, etc. The only exception is the verb to be whose Subjunctive II form is were for all persons. Perfect Subjunctive II is homonymous with the Past Perfect Indicative for all verbs: had been, had done, had gone, had written, etc.
Meaning: Subjunctive II represents an action as contrary to reality: Use: Subjunctive II is used in simple sentences and in certain subordinate clauses of a complex sentence.
COMPLEX SENTENCE Subjunctive II us used in nominal and adverbial clauses.
NOMINAL CLAUSES 1.In attributive clauses after the expressions It is time, It is high time, It is about time: It's time I made up my mind. In attributive clauses only non-perfect Subjunctive II is used. 2.In predicative clauses introduced by the conjunctions as if, as though. The predicative clauses with Subjunctive II immediately follow the link verbs be, seem, look, feel, sound:
ADVERBIAL CLAUSES Subjunctive II is used: 1.In adverbial clauses of comparison or manner introduced by the conjunctions as if, as though: His voice broke as if he were going to cry. (simultaneous action) He speaks as if he had never seen me before, (prior action) 2.In adverbial clauses of unreal condition or concession (after the conjunction even if, even though). The principal clause contains a form of the Conditional Mood: I shouldn't take this line if I were you. (present action) Even if they had wanted me to stay I should have refused. (past action) Clauses of unreal condition may be introduced asyndetically. In this case inversion serves as a means of subordination: Were it all true, it would still not excuse their actions. Had she not worn an apron, I would not have known how to address her. Such sentences are characteristic of literary style.
37.The conditional mood
The Conditional Mood is an analytical form built up by means of the auxiliary verb should (for the 1st person) or would (for the other persons) and the infinitive. The non-perfect Conditional Mood employs the indefinite or continuous infinitive: should do, would be going; the perfect Conditional Mood is formed with the help of the perfect or perfect continuous infinitive: should have done, would have been reading.
Meaning: The Conditional Mood, like Subjunctive II, represents an action as contradicting reality. The difference between the two moods is in their form and in their usage. Use: The Conditional Mood is used in simple sentences and in the principal clause of a complex sentence.
COMPLEX SENTENCE The Conditional Mood is used in the principal clauses of the complex sentences with the subordinate clauses of unreal condition or unreal concession (where Subjunctive II is used). The choice of actual forms depends on the time reference of the actions. 1. If the unreal actions in both the principal and the subordinate clause relate to the present or future, the non-perfect forms of respectively the Conditional Mood and Subjunctive II are used: I should never forgive myself if I profited by his generosity. 2.If both the actions contradicting reality relate to the past, the perfect Conditional is used in the principal clause and perfect Subjunctive II in the subordinate one: I'd have gone this morning, if I'd been able to get away. 3.The actions in the principal and subordinate clauses may have different time reference. Sentences of this kind are said to have split condition. The unreal condition may refer to the past (perfect Subjunctive II) and the unreal consequence to the present (non-perfect Conditional): The unreal condition may refer to no particular time (non-perfect Subjunctive II) and the unreal consequence may refer to the past (perfect Conditional): The modal verbs can, will, may are freely used in Subjunctive II to express unreal actions both in principal and subordinate clauses of unreal condition/concession: If the facts leaked out, the effect might very well be disastrous.