Vocabulary Focus

1. With the help of the text, translate into English the following words and phrases.

создавать что-либо

играть важную роль

чётко отличаться от чего-л.

над или под землёй

сельскохозяйственное угодье

удовлетворять потребности и желания

принимать участие в производстве

созданный руками человека

простейшие орудия труда

принимать решения.

2. Find in the text synonyms to the words below.

- to make

- to help

- to take action

- natural reserves

3. Fill in the gaps with prepositions, if necessary.

1. My colleagues are carrying … research on business ethics.

a) out

b) on

c) away

2. We shared … the money equally.

a) out

b) between

c) -

3. The meeting takes place … the hall every Friday.

a) at

b) in

c) on

4. The President was assisted … his advisers.

a) with

b) by

c) -

5. I sometimes have difficulty distinguishing Spanish … Portuguese.

a) between

b) from

c) with

Talking Points

1. Explain why the factors of production are interdependent.

2. Consider the four factors of production that went into the making of any book. Label each item: LD for land, LR for labor, C for capital, or E for entrepreneurship.

1. trees _____

2. computers _____

3. publishing executive _____

4. salesperson _____

5. editor _____

6. petroleum _____

7. oil used for fertilizer _____

8. book presses _____

9. word processing specialist _____

10. typesetter _____

11. storage shelves _____

12. publisher’s building site _____

2. “An Entrepreneur”, according to the American Heritage Dictionary, is “someone who organizes, operates, and assumes risk for business ventures.” In your opinion, what some common traits of character do successful entrepreneurs share?

3. Is it possible to improve the efficiency of the factors of production? If yes, in what way?

Summary Points

1. Read the text about factors of production once again. What is its main idea?

2. Divide the text into logically complete parts. Take notes on the most important information each paragraph contains. Report it to the whole group.

Unit 10 forms of business

Lead-in

1. Many people dream of having their own business. To see if starting a business is right for you, you have to ask yourself some very important questions. Your answers will help you determine if you are ready to become a small business owner, what kind of business you want, what your target audience is, who your competitors are, etc. Working with a partner, make a list of these questions.

2. Would you like to start your own business? What kind of business would it be? What would your main business goal be?

3. What are the dangers of having your own business?

Key Vocabulary

Make sure you know the following words and word-combinations.

1. ownership n	собственность, право собственности
2. vary v	меняться, варьироваться
3. partnership n	товарищество
4. joint stock company	акционерное общество
5. cooperative society	кооператив
6. public corporation	государственная корпорация
7. enterprise n	предприятие; предприимчивость, инициатива
8. assume risks	принимать на себя риск
9. be responsible for	быть ответственным за
10. disadvantage n	недостаток
11. liability n	ответственность
12. carry on n	вести (дело)
13. personal possessions	личное имущество
14. contribute v	сотрудничать, делать вклад
15. stockholder n	акционер
16. mutual benefit	взаимная выгода
17. flow in	поступать (о деньгах)
18. tax n	налог

Pre-reading Activities

1. Study the following rules of word-building. Use the dictionary and tell what parts of speech (части речи) these words are.

an owner 	ownership
a partner 	partnership
a proprietor 	proprietorship

liable 	liability
responsible 	responsibility

2. Complete the chart.

NOUN	VERB	ADJECTIVE
		own
liability	-
	vary
benefit
		personal
disadvantage

Reading

Read the text carefully and do the tasks that follow.

A business (also known as enterprise or firm) is an organization designed to provide goods or services. Although forms of business ownership vary greatly, there are several common types: the sole proprietor, the partnership, the joint stock company, the cooperative society, the public corporation, etc.

The sole proprietor is the simplest and the oldest form of business enterprise and is often referred to as the one-person business. A single person provides the capital, takes the decisions, and assumes the risks. He or she is responsible for the success or failure of the business, and has, therefore, the sole rights to profits.

The great disadvantage of the sole proprietor is that the owner is personally liable for the debts incurred by the firm and his liability is unlimited. All his personal possessions are at risk.

Partnerships are voluntary combinations of from 2 to 20 persons formed for the purpose of carrying on business with a view of profit. The motive, however, may not be financial. Partnerships are often formed in order to bring new ability and enterprise into the business. They are flexible organizations which allow a greater degree of specialization, but the liability of the partners is unlimited and they are fully liable for the acts of other partners.

The joint stock company consists of an association of people who contribute towards a joint stock of capital for the purpose of carrying on business with a view of profit. A change in membership or a transfer of stock has no effect on the existence of the company. Unlike partners in a partnership, a stockholder in a joint stock company has no agency relationship to the company or any of its members.

A cooperative is a business organization owned and operated by a group of individuals for their mutual benefit. They are limited liability businesses that can be for-profit or not-for-profit. Members often have a close association with the enterprise as producers or consumers of its products or services, or as its employees.

Choosing the right form of business ownership is important because the form of business you choose will determine how your business is organized, how the money that flows in and out of your business is handled, and how your business is taxed.

Comprehension Check

1. Read the text again and decide whether these statements are about the sole proprietor, the partnership, the joint stock company, or the cooperative society.

1. This type of business is easy to organize, but it needs agreement; partners receive all income and partners have unlimited liability.

2. This type of business is easy to organize, the owner has complete control and receives all income.

3. In this type of business the owner has unlimited liability.

4. Such a company has some features of a corporation and some features of a partnership. It sells fully transferable stock, but all shareholders have unlimited liability.

5. This is a jointly owned commercial enterprise (usually organized by farmers or consumers) that produces and distributes goods and services and is run for the benefit of its owners.

2. Answer the questions.

1. What is the purpose of any business?

2. Do forms of business vary? What are they?

3. In what way is the sole proprietor often referred to?

4. Are there any disadvantages of sole proprietorship?

5. What are partnerships?

6. Is the motive of a partnership to make a profit?

7. Is the joint stock company the simplest and the oldest form of business enterprise?

8. What are the characteristics of a cooperative?

9. Why is choosing the right form of business important?