- •Часть 1
- •Unit 1 laws in old england
- •1 .1 Magna Carta
- •5. Most and most of
- •Comprehension check
- •1.2 Habeas Corpus
- •Special problems you need to know
- •Verbs that are easy to confuse
- •3. A large number of and a large amount of
- •Comprehension check
- •Special problems you need to know
- •Little and a little
- •3. Make sure that sb does
- •2.2 Different types of law
- •International and national law
- •Words and phrases you need to know
- •Special problems you need to know
- •1. Since and as (reason)
- •3. Each and every
- •5. Still and other time adverbs
- •Comprehension check
- •Discuss
- •2.3 Distinctions between criminal cases and civil cases
- •Special problems you need to know
- •1. Such and so
- •Comprehension check
- •2.4. Law and morality
- •2.5 Natural law and positivism
- •2.6 Law and justice
- •2.7 Rights and duties
- •Special problems you need to know
- •Negative prefixes
- •3. Wide and widely
- •Comprehension check
- •Discuss
- •Unit 3 the development of english law
- •3.1 Customs
- •3.2 Common law
- •Words and phrases you need to know
- •Special problems you need to know
- •4. It was not until …. That
- •Comprehension check
- •Discuss
- •3.3 Equity
- •3.3.1 The development of equity
- •3.3.2 Conflict between equity and common law
- •3.3.3 The relevance of equity today
- •3.3.4 Modern use of equitable remedies
- •Words and phrases you need to know
- •Special problems you need to know
- •Importance – subjunctive verbs
- •Importance – nouns derived from subjunctive verbs
- •Comprehension check
- •Discuss
- •Unit 4 sources of law
- •4.1 Legislation The nature and effect of Acts of Parliament
- •4.1.1 Parliament
- •Words and phrases you need to know
- •Rules and regulations
- •Special problems you need to know
- •1. Provided/providing that
- •Comprehension check
- •Discuss
- •4.1. 2. The legislative process
- •1. First reading
- •2. Second Reading
- •3.Committee Stage.
- •4. Report Stage
- •6. The House of Lords
- •Words and phrases you need to know
- •Implement
- •Special problems you need to know
- •4. Until (till) and by
- •Comprehension check
- •Discuss
- •4.2 Judicial precedent
- •4.2.1 The nature of precedent
- •4.2.2. Advantages and disadvantages of precedent
- •Words and phrases you need to know
- •Special problems you need to know
- •1. General similarity - similar to and similar
- •2. Too and enough
- •Comprehension check
- •1.1 Magna Carta ……………..………………………………………..….2
Special problems you need to know
only
‘Only certain types of cases were recognized’
Adverbs of variable position, like ‘only’, nearly’, ‘just’ may be placed immediately in front of particular words when emphasizing them.
Examples: He lent it only to me (=not you)
He only lent it to me (= didn’t give it)
Exercise 1. Read the following sentences, putting in the given adverb.
He is a little boy (only), but he broke the window with his ball (nearly).
He isn’t late, but he was last time (nearly).
You can never prove it to be true because it isn’t so (just).
I am going for a walk (just).
Mary can swim now (nearly).
She has come in (just).
Civil cases have to be proved ‘on the balance of probabilities’ (only).
So far we have considered some divisions of law, and briefly discussed what is meant by law in general terms (only).
Local customs are an exception to the general law of the land, and will operate in that particular area (only).
Importance – subjunctive verbs
‘… the King ruled that equity should prevail’
Remember that the following verbs are used before that, (should) and the verb word clause to express importance.
ask propose
demand recommend
desire request
insist suggest
prefer urge
rule order
Exercise 2. Choose the incorrect word or phrase and correct it.
The doctor suggested that she will not smoke.
I propose that the vote is secret ballot.
The foreign student advisor recommended that she studied more English before enrolling at the university.
The law requires that everyone has his car checked at least once a year.
She insisted that they would give her a receipt.
Less moderate members of Congress are insisting that changes in the social security system are made.
Importance – nouns derived from subjunctive verbs
‘… that is an order that the defendant pay a sum of money to the plaintiff by way of compensation’.
Remember that the following nouns are used in this pattern:
demand recommendation
insistence request
preference requirement
proposal suggestion
rule order
The recommendation that we (should) be evaluated was approved.
Exercise 3. Choose the incorrect word or phrase and correct it
He complied with the requirement that all graduate students in education would write a thesis.
The committee refused the request that the prerequisite shall be waived.
She ignored the suggestion that she gets more exercise.
The terrorist’s demand that the airline provides a plane will not be met by the deadline.
He regretted not having followed his advisor’s recommendation that he dropping the class.
It is the recommendation of many psychologists that a learner to use mental images to associate words and remember names.