- •Часть 1
- •Unit 1 laws in old england
- •1 .1 Magna Carta
- •5. Most and most of
- •Comprehension check
- •1.2 Habeas Corpus
- •Special problems you need to know
- •Verbs that are easy to confuse
- •3. A large number of and a large amount of
- •Comprehension check
- •Special problems you need to know
- •Little and a little
- •3. Make sure that sb does
- •2.2 Different types of law
- •International and national law
- •Words and phrases you need to know
- •Special problems you need to know
- •1. Since and as (reason)
- •3. Each and every
- •5. Still and other time adverbs
- •Comprehension check
- •Discuss
- •2.3 Distinctions between criminal cases and civil cases
- •Special problems you need to know
- •1. Such and so
- •Comprehension check
- •2.4. Law and morality
- •2.5 Natural law and positivism
- •2.6 Law and justice
- •2.7 Rights and duties
- •Special problems you need to know
- •Negative prefixes
- •3. Wide and widely
- •Comprehension check
- •Discuss
- •Unit 3 the development of english law
- •3.1 Customs
- •3.2 Common law
- •Words and phrases you need to know
- •Special problems you need to know
- •4. It was not until …. That
- •Comprehension check
- •Discuss
- •3.3 Equity
- •3.3.1 The development of equity
- •3.3.2 Conflict between equity and common law
- •3.3.3 The relevance of equity today
- •3.3.4 Modern use of equitable remedies
- •Words and phrases you need to know
- •Special problems you need to know
- •Importance – subjunctive verbs
- •Importance – nouns derived from subjunctive verbs
- •Comprehension check
- •Discuss
- •Unit 4 sources of law
- •4.1 Legislation The nature and effect of Acts of Parliament
- •4.1.1 Parliament
- •Words and phrases you need to know
- •Rules and regulations
- •Special problems you need to know
- •1. Provided/providing that
- •Comprehension check
- •Discuss
- •4.1. 2. The legislative process
- •1. First reading
- •2. Second Reading
- •3.Committee Stage.
- •4. Report Stage
- •6. The House of Lords
- •Words and phrases you need to know
- •Implement
- •Special problems you need to know
- •4. Until (till) and by
- •Comprehension check
- •Discuss
- •4.2 Judicial precedent
- •4.2.1 The nature of precedent
- •4.2.2. Advantages and disadvantages of precedent
- •Words and phrases you need to know
- •Special problems you need to know
- •1. General similarity - similar to and similar
- •2. Too and enough
- •Comprehension check
- •1.1 Magna Carta ……………..………………………………………..….2
Special problems you need to know
Negative prefixes
Prefixes are often used to give adjectives, nouns, and verbs a negative or an opposite meaning. For example, moral/immoral, lawful/unlawful, obey/disobey, justice/ injustice….”
Exercise 1. Write the opposites of the word combinations by adding the necessary prefix and translate them into Russian.
incorporated association -
limited authority -
decent behaviour -
lawful calling -
legitimate child -
usual circumstances -
liquidated claim -
matured claim -
legal combination -
moral conduct -
equitable conduct -
professional conduct -
legal contract -
equitable contract -
conditional contract -
voluntary conversion -
reasonable risk -
adequate remedy -
authorized conduct -
avoidable accident -
employment insurance -
decent assault -
tolerable cruelty -
2. Purpose - infinitive
“The law recognizes that people have the right to enjoy the use of their own
property, but this right is balanced by the right of other land users to enjoy the use of their properties.
The infinitive with to is used to express purpose. It is a short form of in order to.
Exercise 2. Complete the following sentences using the infinitive with to.
Magna Carta, which means “great charter” in Latin, was drawn up by English barons and churchmen ………………………
Habeas Corpus proceedings may be employed …………………
The government provides the legal machine with the weapons of compulsion………………………
The law imposes duties on people ……………….
The criminal law imposes a duty on all citizens …………….
3. Wide and widely
‘Now it is necessary to look more widely at law and to compare it with concepts of morality and justice…’
Some adverbs have two forms ( e.g. wide and widely). The normal adverb is wide.
Widely suggests 1. in a lot of different places or by a lot or people: 2. to a large degree - used when talking about differences.
Exercise 3. Insert either wide or widely.
Someone left the back door … open.
The view was not … held.
At 2 a.m. I was still … awake.
Organic food is now … available.
The ball went … of the goal (far away from the right point).
He has travelled … in the Far East.
These laws were … regarded as too strict.
“Open …”, said the dentist.
It is … believed that (= by many people) the government will lose the election.
j. Trusts are … used in setting up such matters as pension funds, as well as within families when property is settled on younger members of the family or between husband and wife.
Comprehension check
Exercise 1. Answer the following questions.
a. What is the notion “morality” based on?
b. What are the key differences between law and morality?
What is meant by “natural law”?
What is meant by “positivism”?
What is people’s concept of what is justice?
What rights does law give to individuals?
Why does law impose duties on people?
Exercise 2. Do you agree or disagree with the following statements?
a. The moral standards of a community are recognized as having a profound influence on the development of law, but in complex societies, morality and law are never likely to be co-extensive.
b. Law and morality are the right to life.
Exercise 3. Extend and explain the following statements.
a. It is often said that law provides justice, yet this is not always so.
b. What is just in a particular case is what appears just to the just man, in the same way as what is reasonable appears to be reasonable to the reasonable man” (Lord Wright)