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Министерство образования и науки Российской Федерации

Кемеровский институт (филиал) РГТЭУ

Т.А. Быргазова, Н.М. Зверева

Неличные формы глагола

Учебно-методическое пособие

Кемерово 2011

УДК 802.1

ББК 81.2 Англ

Б-95

Утверждено на заседании кафедры иностранных языков. Протокол № 6 от 25.01.2011

Рекомендовано к печати Учебно-методической комиссией факультета ВЭД. Протокол № 7 от 27.01.2011

Рецензенты:

к.п.н., доцент каф. английской филологии № 1

Кемеровского государственного университета

Л.А. Коняева;

к.фил.н., доцент каф. английской филологии № 1

Кемеровского государственного университета

О.В. Валько

Быргазова Т.А. Зверева Н.М.

Б-95 Неличные формы глагола: учебно- методическое пособие / Т.А.

Быргазова, Н.М. Зверева.– Кемерово: Кемеровский институт (филиал)

РГТЭУ, 2011. – 77 с.

Данное учебно-методическое пособие предназначено для студентов всех специальностей и направлений подготовки очной формы обучения и может быть использовано как для аудиторной, так и для самостоятельной работы.

Пособие содержит теоретический и практический материал по темам «Инфинитив и его конструкции», «Герундий и его конструкции» и «Причастия и их конструкции», способствующий овладению языковыми компетенциями и их дальнейшему совершенствованию.

УДК 802.1

ББК 81.2 Англ

© Кемеровский институт (филиал) РГТЭУ, 2011

© Быргазова Т.А., Зверева Н.М., 2011

Предисловие

Данное учебно-методическое пособие предназначено для студентов всех специальностей и направлений подготовки очной формы обучения, продолжающих изучение английского языка.

Целью пособия является формирование у студентов грамматических компетенций по темам «Причастия и их конструкции», «Герундий и его конструкции» и «Инфинитив и его конструкции» и их дальнейшее совершенствование.

В соответствии с поставленной целью примеры, поясняю­щие употребление причастий, герундия, инфинитива и их конструкций, а также уп­ражнения лексически связаны с раз­личными областями экономики, что способствует усилению профессиональной направленности пособия.

Пособие состоит из четырех основных частей и содержит теоретический и практический материал, снабженный грамматическими таблицами с комментариями. В первой части представлен материал по причастиям и их конструкциям. Вторая часть содержит материал по герундию и его конструкциям. Третья часть посвящена инфинитиву и его конструкциям - сложному дополнению и сложному подлежащему. Все примеры в теоретической части и табли­цах переведены на русский язык. Задания и упражнения предпо­лагают закрепление и проверку усвоения изложенного теоретического материала по данным грамматическим темам. Четвертая часть содержит тесты по темам «Герундий, причастия и их конструкции» и «Инфинитив и его конструкции».

PART I

The Participles

(Причастия)

Причастие (the Participle) - это неличная форма глагола, в которой сочетаются признаки имени прилагательного или наречия с признаками глагола,

Forms of the Participles

Participle I

Perfect Participle

Participle II

Active

writing

having written

Passive

being written

having been written

written

Participle I выражает действие, одновременное с действием сказуемого.

Participle II выражает действие, одновременное с действием сказуемого или предшествующее ему.

Perfect Participle выражает действие, предшествующее действию сказуемого.

Причастие I (Participle I Active) переводится на русский язык: 1) причастием, 2) деепричастием, 3) обстоятельственным придаточ-

ным предложением.

e.g. The Severn flowing south-west into the Irish Sea is the longest British river. - Река Северн, текущая на юго-запад в Ирландское море, является самой длинной рекой Британии.

e.g. Reading English articles we use a dictionary. - 1) Читая английские статьи, мы используем словарь. 2) Когда мы читаем английские статьи, мы используем словарь.

Причастие II (Participle II) переводится на русский язык:

1) причастием, 2) обстоятельственным придаточным предложением.

e.g. The letter received yesterday was very important. - Письмо, полученное вчера, было очень важным.

e.g. As seen from the article we managed to improve our results. - Как видно из статьи, мы смогли улучшить свои результаты.

Перфектное причастие переводится на русский язык:

1) деепричастием, 2) обстоятельственным придаточным предложением. e.g. Having lost the key, he couldn't get into the house. - Потеряв

ключ, он не смог войти в дом.

e.g. Having been given all necessary instructions, we began to work. -

После того, как были даны все необходимые инструкции, мы начали работать.

Exercises

Exercise 1. Make up all the possible forms of the Participles of the following verbs.

To loan, to invest, to pledge, to deposit, to charge, to assess, to charter, to require, to manage, to sell, to own, to demand, to supply, to pay, to treat, to cure, to lose, to arrive, to offer, to choose, to fall, to feel, to overlook, to watch, to wave, to break, to write, to approach, to rise, to raise, to recover, to fill.

Exercise 2. Make up the passive forms of the following Participles.

Transferring, competing, installing, diversifying, assigning, losing, buying, negotiating, forecasting, matching, advertising, renting, confirming, issuing.

Exercise 3. Make up all the missing forms of these Participles.

Lending, being asked, having proved, being turned, having been shown, rising, being paid, bought, having borrowed, meeting, being signed, having been operated (on).

Exercise 4. Point out Participle I and state its form. Translate the sentences into Russian.

1. Not having been written in time, the article was not accepted by the editor. 2. Having tried various topics of conversation I asked her to tell me who all the people at table were. 3. Being left alone, Helen and 1 kept silence for some time. 4. Then he drew the attention of his guests to a picture hanging above his head, painted in oils. 5. The effect of her words was terrifying. 6. Having inquired the way I set out for the dentist's house. 7. Being written in pencil the letter was difficult to read. 8. Being quite unambitious, he is satisfied with what he has. 9. Having received no answer, he turned to the woman standing at the window. 10. He went out quickly, shutting the door behind him.

Exercise 5. Use Participle I instead of the attributive clause.

Model: The man who is standing at the chart is our new manager.

The man standing at the chart is our new manager.

1. The changes that had taken place in the financial sector in the USA were also observed in other countries. 2. Here are some factors important for the financial success of a bank that operates internationally. 3. A state bank, which is smaller than a national bank, is chartered by an individual state. 4. The highest interest is paid to the customers who deposit their money for a longer period. 5. The students who had discussed the article decided to publish it. 6. One of the innovations is the electronic funds transfer which transfers money from individuals to the bank, from bank to bank, and from city to city. 7. The people who waited for you have just gone. 8. Perfect competition exists in an industry that contains many relatively small firms.

Exercise 6. Replace the attributive clause by Participle II.

Model: I'm worried about the increase of your commissions that you have charged. - I'm worried about the increase of your commissions charged.

1. I have heard about the credit union that was formed in our firm.

2. The Capital Savings Bank, which was founded in 1878, is the largest savings bank in the country. 3. The Cybulki Bank Corporation was the sixth largest bank in the United States, which was based on deposits. 4. The bank has 1200 offices, which are spread over 35 foreign countries. 5. The pound yesterday was stronger against most currencies that were aided by firmer oil prices. 6. A survey, which was published in London yesterday, states some interesting facts. 7. Mr. Green is a man who is trusted by everybody. 8. New services, which are developed by commercial banks, are akin to financial supermarkets, offering a wide variety of services.

Exercise 7. Use Participle I instead of the subordinate clause.

Model: As I knew about his financial difficulties I offered to pay his fare.

I offered to pay his fare knowing about his financial difficulties.

1. When it deals in foreign exchange the bank quotes the selling and buying rate of a currency. 2. As we had spare time we didn't hurry. 3. After they had signed a contract the partners had a small party. 4. As she hoped to find a will she searched everywhere. 5. As he was out on business trip Mr. Blake couldn't meet the delegation. 6. When he arrived at the airport Mr. Smith had his luggage weighed and registered. 7. Since I had received no answer to my letter of inquiry I sent them a cable. 8. While she was looking through the tests the teacher was thinking of the progress the students have made. 9. As he deals with foreign exchange he has to read foreign magazines about this branch of banking. 10. After he had explained the structure of his bank Chief Manager put away an organization chart. 11. As she had not been invited to the party she had to stay at home.

Exercise 8. Use the right form of Participle I instead of the infinitive in brackets.

1. She had a good practical knowledge of the language, (to work) as an interpreter for many years. 2. (To invite) to the theatre I could not refuse. 3. Mary wrote a long letter to her father (to tell) him that she was sorry. 4. (To write) long ago the manuscript was illegible. 5. His father, (to retire), lived in a very mean house. 6. (To see) so little of the country, I'm afraid I cannot give exhaustive answers to all your questions. 7. (To reach) the conclusion, she gave no thought to the matter. 8. (To support) by her elbow, Mary listened to their talk. 9. (To support) her by his arm, Ashley helped her out of the carriage. 10. She did not speak, (to fill) with the sense of silent confidence. 11. (To hear) a footstep below Tony rose and went to the top of the stairs. 12. I saw them (to make) their way to the exit.

Exercise 9. Translate the phrases using the appropriate form of the Participle:

1. человек, получающий денежное пособие, денежное пособие, полученное вчера; получив денежное пособие.

2. сотрудники, слушающие доклад; прослушав программу; слу­шая радио.

3. секретарь, читающий деловое письмо; прочитанное уведом­ление (letter of advice); читая гарантийное письмо; прочитав письменный запрос (letter of inquiry).

4. конструктор, показывающий свой проект; проект, показан­ный нам; показывая проект; показав проект.

5. имея, все необходимые документы; когда нас попросили; сделав перевод; делая перевод.

6. покупая ценные бумаги; купив ценные бумаги, ценные бу­маги, купленные клиентом;

7. кассир, проверяющий деньги в кассе (till); проверив деньги в кассе; проверенные деньги.

Functions of the Participles

Participle I (Active)

Participle II

Определение

(Attribute)

The man waiting for you

is our new accountant.-

Человек, ожидающий вас - наш новый бухгалтер.

Тhe method used in our work will help to increase the profit. –

Метод, используе-

мый в нашей работе, поможет увеличить

прибыль.

Обстоятельство

(Adverbial modifier)

I spent most of the time answering questions. – Я провел большую часть времени, отвечая на вопросы.

When translated the article was sent to the editor. - После того,

как статью перевели, ее послали издателю.

Часть простого глагольного

сказуемого

(Part of a verbal predicate)

Не is reading now. – Он читает сейчас.

Newspapers are brought in the morning. – Газеты приносят утром.

Exercises

Exercise 10. Define the function of the Participles.

1. If not disturbed, he will be through with the translation in an hour. 2. He could not give any figures proving his theory 3. Machines produced by our plant are exported to many countries. 4. The doctor sent for has been treating Ann for years. 5. People interfering in other people's affairs are most unpleasant to deal with.6. Things lost should be forgotten. 7. The review being discussed is written by James Aldridge. 8. When crossing the street first look to the left and then to the right. 9. Not remembering the title of the play I looked it up in the catalogue. 10. Having examined the sick man the doctor wrote out a prescription. 11. Having been examined by the doctor the sick man asked him a few questions. 12. Asked what he thought of the play he said he had not seen it.

Exercise 11. Define the function of the Participles. Translate the sentences into Russian.

1. A group of tourists went to an automobile plant to see cars being produced. 2. The cars produced by this plant are in great demand all over the world. 3. A new plant producing baby cars was recently built in this neighbourhood. 4. When producing such cars the plant used new materials and methods. 5. When produced the cars were sent to the automobile show. 6. Having produced thousands of cars of this make the plant began to develop a new model. 7. For the past month I had been living on an occasional tea-room snack, supplemented by bargains from the local market brought into my lodging of an evening in a paper bag.

Exercise 12. Define the form and function of the Participles.

Translate the sentences into Russian.

1. Being a manager he is getting rich experience. 2. When produced this model will be in great demand. 3. Some realtors provide a form answering the most common questions about a house. 4. Having tested the computer we recommended it to production. 5. The exhibition begun in May ended in October. 6. Being pleased with the results of the marketing research manager advised to increase the production. 7. Published figures provide some essential data on the liquidity and income of the bank. 8. The interest that the Fed charges is called the discount rate. 9. While listening to the lecturer 1 couldn't understand a word. 10. Interest received amounted to 655 million pounds. 11. The bank may lend the required sum charging at least the minimum lending rate. 12. Nowadays the banking industry is becoming less regulated. 13. Having been given instructions we began iо work. 14. If sent tomorrow money will come on time. 15. Accounting records are maintained with the aid of computer systems.

The Participial Constructions

(Причастные конструкции)

The Absolute Participial Construction

(Независимый причастный оборот)

Иногда причастия настоящего и прошедшего времени употребляются в особой конструкции, соответствующей обстоятельственному предложению. В состав независимого обстоятельственного предложения может входить причастие в любой форме, и вся конструкция отделяется запятой от остальной части предложения.

I. Если главное и придаточное обстоятельственные предложения имеют одно и то же подлежащее, то придаточное предложение может быть заменено причастным оборотом:

e.g. When I come to St. Petersburg I always visit the Hermitage. -Когда я приезжаю в Петербург, я всегда посещаю Эрмитаж.

Coming to St. Petersburg, I always visit the Hermitage -Приезжая в Петербург, я всегда посещаю Эрмитаж.

II. Если подлежащие в главном и придаточном обстоя- тельственном предложениях различны, то в английском языке возможна замена придаточного предложения причастным обо- ротом, сохраняющим свое подлежащее. Такой оборот называется самостоятельным, или номинативным абсолютным причастным оборотом (The Nominative Absolute Participial Construction).

e.g. When my brother had written the letter I went to post it -

Mу brother having written the letter, I went to post it.

Когда мой брат написал письмо, я пошел отправить его.

Перевод на русский язык:

1) придаточным обстоятельственным предложением, вводимым союзами когда, так как, после того как, если и др.

e.g. Аll preparations being made, they started the experiment - Когда все приготовления были сделаны, они начали эксперимент.

2) простым предложением, входящим в состав сложно­сочиненного предложения путем бессоюзного соединени или вводимого союзами причем, и, а.

e.g. The article deals with microwaves, particular attention being paid to radio location. - Статья посвящена микроволнам, причем особое внимание уделено радиолокации.

Некоторые независимые причастные обороты, выражающие обстоятельства, начинаются предлогом with. На русский язык такие независимые причастные обороты переводятся тем же способом, что и независимые причастные обороты без предлога.

e.g. With the experiments having been carried out, they started new investigations. - После того, как были проведены опыты, они начали новые исследования.

Objective Participial Construction

(Объектный причастный оборот)

В тех случаях, когда нужно подчеркнуть не факт совершения действия, а то, что действие происходит или происходило в момент речи, вместо Indefinite Infinitive часто употребляется Participle I.

e.g. We saw the student making an experiment in the laboratory. – Мы видели, как студент проводил опыты в лаборатории.

Если надо показать не процесс, а результат действия, в объектном причастном обороте употребляется Participle II.

e.g. When we arrived to our friend we found him gone. – Когда мы приехали к нашему другу, мы обнаружили, что он ушел.

Subjective Participial Construction

(Субъектный причастный оборот)

По аналогии с объектным причастным оборотом существует субъектный оборот с причастием действительного залога. Он употребляется большей частью после глаголов, выражающих восприятиепосредством органов чувств: to see, to hear, to feel, to watch, а также глаголов to consider, to believe.

e.g. He was seen making the experiment at that time. - Видели, как он проводил опыт в это время.

При переводе этого оборота на русский язык глагол-сказуемое английского предложения was seen становится сказуемым главного предложения, выраженным неопределенно-личным предложением, подлежащее английского предложения переводится подлежащим русского придаточного предложения, а причастие переводится личной формой глагола.

Причастие выражает действие длительного характера, поэтому оборот с причастием переводится на русский язык дополнительным придаточным предложением со сказуемым, выраженным глаголом несовершенного вида.

Для сравнения возьмем два примера - субъектный инфинитивный оборот и субъектный причастный оборот. Не was heard to come upstairs and enter the room. - Слышно было, как (что) он поднялся по лестнице и вошел в комнату. Не was heard coming up stairs slowly. - Слышно было, как он медленно поднимался по лестнице.

Exercises

Exercise 13. Choose the sentences with the Absolute Participial Construction.

1. The translated article was very interesting. 2. The article being translated by this student is necessary for the report. 3. Having been translated the article was published. 4. Having trans­lated the article, the student showed it to the teacher. 5. The article translated, we decided to show it to the engineer. 6. Visiting art exhibitions people can admire works of artists. 7. Having visited the art exhibition, the students organized a discussion. 8. The art exhibition having been visited by a great deal of people, we were sure of its success. 9. The text given to him at the examination was very difficult. 10. Being occupied in his work he did not notice when we entered the room. 11. The text being interesting, we translated it with pleasure.

Exercise 14. Point out the Objective Participial Construction or the Subjective Participial Construction in the following sentences. Translate into Russian.

1. The clerk saw the visitor walking restlessly backwards and forwards. 2. The customers were heard talking together. 3. They were seen drawing up a business plan. 4. She found the caller waiting for her. 5. When I entered the office I heard the telephone ringing. 6. They were seen entering the office. 7. She was seen checking the money in the till. 8. They have a TV set adjusted. 9. The porter was noticed carrying a trunk. 10. The telephone was heard ringing again. 11. Somebody was heard opening the door silently. 12. When the conference was over we found him gone. 13. The secretary has a computer installed.

Exercise 15. Translate into Russian paying attention to the Nominative Absolute Construction.

1. The test containing over a hundred questions, she was afraid that she would not cope with it. 2. The size of the schools being different, there may be any number of streams up to nine. 3. There are fee-paying schools in Britain, the most important of which being the so-called private independent schools. 4. The 11 + exam still existing in many schools of Britain, the future of the children is decided at this early age. 5. The boy being gifted, the parents laid great hopes on him. 6. Teaching being done in mixed ability classes, children of all abilities are put in one class. 7. People having complained of the old system of education, education authorities had to introduce new types of schools. 8. Secondary education in Britain being compulsory from the age of 5 to 16, many children leave school at the age of 16. 9. With prices rising, it looks as if fewer books were being sold in England.

Exercise 16. Translate the sentences with the Nominative Absolute Participial Construction:

I. The article deals with banks, particular attention being paid to development of banks. 2. The foreign exchange transaction being carried out, both banks sent a written confirmation. 3. The director of a London merchant bank spoke about his bank’s organization, the speech being illustrated by diagrams. 4. The experiments having been carried out, they started new investigations. 5. The tax return having been filled in, I showed it to the clerk. 6. The book being interesting, we read it with pleasure. 7. The Bank has opened new representative offices, the Rome representative office having been upgraded into a full service branch. 8. Large transactions being completed, the rates changed. 9. The charges having been too expensive, we had to decrease the volume of Letters of Credit. 10. The customer having paid the premium, the bank sent out confirmation of the deal. 11. The goods having been examined prior to shipment, foreign exchange was available. 12. Silver in London yesterday slipped slightly, the metal ending four and a halfpence below the previous close. 13. The project finished, we submitted it to the Committee. 14. The conditions of work improved, we could raise the production. 15. The contract concerns only the timing of the delivery for the exchange of currencies, the customer having already dealt at a fixed rate. 16. He signs a contract that he will receive two machines per month, delivery starting in six months time and finishing in one year's time. 17. The International Treasury Department specializes in foreign exchange, the International Planning Department being responsible for strategic planning.

Exercise 17. Translate the following sentences with the Absolute Participle Construction.

1. The choice having been made, all the other alternatives have been rejected. 2. With the conditions of commodity production abolished, labour power ceases to be a commodity. 3. There were a number of techniques for producing an output of homogeneous commodity, each using a different type of machine. 4. With the definitions given here, this is true of both kinds of approaches. 5. That being said, however, it is fairly clear that the contemporary education system is evolving in such a way that a great deal more talent is being liberated than in the past. 6. With the decision reconsidered, we may start rethinking of the whole process. 7. Major efforts being made to expand food outlets at home and to restrict output and reduce supply, the growth of agricultural production has resulted in substantial surpluses in the North America. 8. With exchange weakly developed, the producers, crop farmers, animal breeders exchanged their goods themselves. 9. Our argument will be that the larger the resource base, other things being equal, the larger the degree of specialization that is economic. 10. When the system is in a self-reproducing state-inputs being replaced as they are used up - there is a flow of net output also specified in physical terms. 11. The British system of weights and measures has evolved from units having many origins, many of the units having been introduced into Britain at the time of Roman conquest. 12. With modern techniques introduced, the employers worsen the labour conditions of the workers and try to break their resistance against increasing exploitation. 13. With smoking preference indicated so clearly, product substitution among cigarette smokers, barring extreme price changes, is not very likely. 14. Having seen a little more deeply into the nature of the problem, let us look at some probable relationships between incentives and growth.

Exercise 18. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the Participles and Participial constructions.

1. Being indifferent to everything she refused to take part in our work. 2. There being many good exhibits at the show, we enjoyed it. 3. If trained properly, the team can work successfully. 4. When offered the job, John accepted it. 5. If properly arranged, the show will attract many visitors. 6. When finished, the boarding-house will be very comfortable. 7. While staying with her relatives she had a very good time. 8. When invited to take part in the rowing race, he agreed at once. 9. John's opponent being a good tennis player, he lost the game.10. Having found out her address we wrote to her immediately. 11. When proving his theory he gave us many interesting facts. 12. Being asked about his adventures the traveler told us an interesting story. 13. If redecorated, the apartment may not look so ugly. 14. The English being conservative, many old traditions are still observed in England. 15. The health resort being popular, one can hardly rent a room there. 16. The prizes distributed, everybody went home. 17. Our team having won the game, we felt proud.

Exercise 19. Translate the following sentences into Russian.

1. Having graduated from the Institute, my brother decided to go to work in the Far East. 2. Having looked through a lot of magazines, she chose only one. 3. He left the room saying that he was in a hurry. 4. Having found out his telephone number, I decided to ring him up. 5. Not having bought tickets in advance, we had to go to the theatre long before the performance started. 6. Having entered the room, he introduced himself to all those present. 7. Having finished the test, the students were allowed to leave the room. 8. Having spent a month in the country, she looked much better. 9. The man making a report is a good speaker. 10. When asked about the exhibition held in the Picture Gallery, the young man said that he had admired it greatly. 11. Being fond of skiing John always joins us for skiing trips at week-ends. 12. Having waited for the manager for an hour, we went away. 13. The performance begun at six ended at eleven. 14. Having been given all the instructions, we began our work. 15. Being a boy the artist was fond of painting his friends' portraits. 16. If sent away now, the letter will arrive the day after tomorrow. 17. Not knowing grammar one cannot speak correctly.

Exercise 20. Choose the appropriate form of Participles. Translate the sentences into Russian.

1. It (being, having been) dark, we switched on the light. 2. The rain (hav­ing been stopped, hav­ing stopped), we could continue our way. 3. My father (being, having been) very ill, I had to call a doctor. 4. The weather (being, having been) favour­able, we shall start on a skiing trip. 5. The text was not very difficult, many words (being learnt, having been learnt) before. 6. The project (finished, finishing) I submitted it to the Commission. 7. The conditions of work (improving, improved), we could continue our experi­ments. 8. The research work (fulfilled, fulfilling) we decided to publish the results. 9. My friends (having lived, living) far, I seldom see them. 10. There (having been, being) no vacant seats, I had to stand during the meeting. 11. There (being, been) nothing to do, we went for a walk. 12. We had a good time during the holidays, the weather ( having been, being) fine all the time. 13. We can see a lot of new blocks everywhere, each (having, having had) dozens of flats with all modern conveniences. 14. There (being, been) a great deal of people in the hall, we could not enter. 15. The signal (giving, given), the train started. 16. The necessary building materials and equipment (receiving, received), the workers could continue their work. 17. There are many long rivers in Russia, some of them (having been, being) among the longest in the world.

Exercise 21. Make one sentence out of the given two using the Nominative Absolute Construction.

Model: The book was interesting. We read it with pleasure.

The book being interesting, we read it with pleasure.

1. There were so many unknown words in the article. It took me a long time to translate it. 2. The term was coming to an end. The students discussed their plans for the holidays. 3. The door-bell rang. Mother rose and left the room. 4. He leaped from the car. His eyes were blazing with excitement. 5. Dinner began in silence. Everybody was facing one another. 6. The weather changed for the worse. We put off our trip. 7. The examinations were over. We didn't know what to do. 8. She began to speak. Her voice was trembling. 9. It was a cold day. We decided to stay at home. 10. My watch has stopped. I don't know the time.

Exercise 22. Use Participial Constructions to join sentences as in the model.

Model: I had seen photographs of the place. 1 had no desire to go there.

Having seen photographs of the place, I had no desire to go there.

I. I knew that he was poor. I offered to pay his fare. 2. She became tired of my complaints about the program. She turned it off. 3. He found no one at home. He left the house in a bad temper. 4. She hoped to find the will. She searched everywhere. 5. The criminal removed all traces of his crime. He left the building. 6. He realized that he had missed the last train He began to walk. 7. He had spent all his money He decided to go home and ask his father for a job. 8. He escaped from prison. He looked for a place where he could get food. 9. She didn't want to hear the story again. She had heard it all before. 10. They found the money. They began quarrelling about how to divide it. 11. She entered the room suddenly. She

found them smoking. 12. I turned on the light. I was astonished at what I saw. 13. We visited the museum. We decided to have lunch in the park. 14. He offered to show us the way home. He thought we were lost. 15. She asked me to help her. She realized that she couldn't move it alone. 16. He thought he must have made a mistake somewhere. He went through his calculations again. 17. I have looked through the fashion magazines. I realize that my clothes are hopelessly out of date. 18. The tree had fallen across the road. It had been uprooted by the gale. 19. She believed that she could trust him absolutely. She gave him a blank check. 20. People were sleeping in the next room. They were wakened by the sound of breaking glass.

Exercise 23. Translate into English using the Nominative

Absolute Construction.

1. Сейчас, когда приближаются экзамены, я чувствую себя менее спокойным. 2. Так как в Англии нет единой системы среднего образования, программы учебных предметов и выбор учебников зависят от местных органов образования.. 3. Когда она ушла, он стал обдумывать ситуацию. 4. Когда мой друг заявил, что он не едет с нами, мы решили отправиться немедленно. 5. Когда самый важный вопрос был решен, мы разошлись. 6. Поскольку вам больше не нужна наша помощь, мы можем уйти. 7. Когда зазвенел звонок, она встала и пошла открывать дверь.

PART II

The Gerund

(Герундий)

Герундий – это неличная форма глагола, выражающая действие в процессе и обладающая признаками глагола и существительного.

Герундий образуется от инфинитива без частицы -to- с помощью окончания -ing: e.g. planning – планирование.

На русский язык герундий переводится существительным, инфинитивом, деепричастием или придаточным предложением.

Как глагол, герундии выражает действие, может иметь прямое дополнение (e.g. I like reading scientific articles. - Я люблю читать научные статьи.) и определяться наречием (e.g. Reading aloud is useful. - Читать вслух – полезно.), а также имеет видовые и залоговые формы.

Как существительное, герундий может употребляться с предлогами (e.g.We approved a new method of managing.- Мы одобрили новый метод управления.), иметь при себе определение, выраженное существительным в притяжательном падеже или притяжательным местоимением, которые показывают исполнителя действия, выраженного герундием (e.g. I like her singing. - Мне нравится ее пение.).

Forms of the Gerund

Indefinite

Perfect

Active

asking

having asked

Passive

being asked

having been asked

Временные формы герундия показывают отношения между действием, выраженным герундием, и действием, выраженным сказуемым предложения (одновременность или предшествование).

I am fond of reading books. Я люблю читать книги.

I am fond of being read books. Я люблю, когда мне читают книги.

I remember having read this book. Я помню, что читал эту книгу.

I remember having been read Я помню, что мне читали эту книгу.

this book.

The use of the Gerund

1) после глаголов suggest, mind, want, need, require, intend, excuse, enjoy, avoid, go on, continue, stop, begin, keep (on), finish, remember, try, give up, forget и др.:

e.g. I suggest listening to him. - Я предлагаю выслушать его.

Примечание: После глаголов to stop, to remember, to forget может употребляться также инфинитив, в этом случае они меняют свое значение.

e.g. He stopped speaking with us. Он перестал разговаривать с нами.

He stopped to speak with us. Он остановился, чтобы поговорить с нами.

  1. после сочетания существительных chance, idea, habit, hope, opportunity, possibility, way, feeling, thought и др. с предлогом of:

e.g. You must use every opportunity of speaking aloud. - Вы должны использовать каждую возможность говорить вслух.

3) после существительных с другими предлогами: reason for, sense in, point in, harm in, attempt at и др.:

e.g. Не displayed great interest in learning languages. - Он проявил большой интерес к изучению языков.

4) после глаголов с предлогами: insist on, rely on, object to, look forward to, depend on, agree on, agree to, aim at, apologize for, consist in, dream of, result in, succeed in, approve of, prevent from и др.:

e.g. The success of your work depends on using additional literature. - Успех вашей работы зависит от использования дополнительной литературы. 5) после сочетаний to be + прилагательное: to be worth, to be fond of, to be busy, to be engaged in, to be interested in, to be afraid of, to be good at, to be keen on, to be tired of, to be sure of, to be aware of, to be used to, to be sorry for и др.:

e.g. She is busy looking through the documents.- Она занята тем, что просматривает документы.

6) после выражений what about, how about, can't help, can't stand, burst out, feel like, it's no good, it's no use, there is no use и др.:

e.g. I cant help telling this story. – Я не могу не рассказать эту историю.

  1. после предлогов besides, instead of, in spite of, except (for),

thanks to, due to, owing to, for the purpose of, with the object of, with a view to, in the event of, without, before, after, on, in и др.:

e.g. He went away without having told us the necessary information. – Он ушел, не сообщив нам необходимых сведений.

Предлоги before, after, in и on, употребляемые перед герундием, выражают временные отношения между действиями сказуемого и

герундия:

e.g. You must learn the rules before doing the exercise. - Вы должны выучить правила, прежде чем выполнять упражнение.

Exercises

Exercise 1. Define the form of the Gerund.

Controlling, having planned, making, having been produced, having held, being sold, bringing, being paid, having sent, having been offered, being suggested, having brought, being purchased, having been paid, having used, having been bought, lending.

Exercise 2. Make up all the possible forms of the Gerund.

To manage, to do, to negotiate, to provide, to rise, to attend, to run, to come, to attract, to break, to send, to supply, to spend, to demand.

Exercise 3. Define the form of the Gerund.

1. I prefer going there by air. 2. Seeing is believing. 3. I re­member having seen this film. 4. I remember having been shown your project. 5. He likes listening to music. 6. He likes being listened to. 7. Learning rules without examples is useless. 8. She doesn't like being asked about it. 9. She doesn’t like asking such questions.

Exercise 4. Fill in gaps using the prompts below.

1. I think it's no use ... strict hours of meals. 2. My brother always says that ... is the best exercise. 3. ... stamps was a hobby with him. 4. «Is it any good ... ?» the mother said to the child. «Tears are no help at all». 5. I'm afraid it's no use ... this discussion. 6. ... books in the original is pleasure. 7. Is it worth ... your bicycle so long before the beginning of the sea- son? 8. It's no use ... over the role before curtain time. 9. ... him there surprised me greatly. 10. It was such fun … . the monkeys go through different tricks.

watching, continuing, going, keeping, finding, collecting,

crying, riding, reading, walking

Exercise 5. In the following sentences use the gerund instead of the infinitive.

Model: He likes to go in for sports.

He likes going in for sport.

1. It is dangerous to do such things. 2. It is useless to hope for their help. 3. It is hopeless to persuade her play that role. 4. It is impossible to stage that play in our theatre. 5. It is no easy matter to paint in oil. 6. It is not easy to make him do his morning exercises. 7. It is difficult to examine him. 8. To introduce stage effects is sure to add much to the performance.

Exercise 6. Make up sentences and translate them into Russian.

She succeeded in

arranging the party.

mastering her speciality.

getting the new textbook.

organizing the discussion.

I can't help

inviting him to our party.

going in for sports.

doing morning exercises

He failed

coming in time.

catching the 7 o'clock train.

bringing the dictionaries.

going on the trip with the group.

Do you mind

smoking?

opening the windows?

answering this question?

going sightseeing?

watching TV now?

I don't mind

taking part in the work.

using his notes.

resuming our research work.

Would you mind

telling us another story?

not interrupting him now?

switching on the light?

bringing us some water?

sending this business letter at once?

ringing me up tomorrow morning?

Exercise 7. Choose the correct form of the Gerund.

1. I think we must discuss the problem before (making, having made) a decision. 2. (Having seen, seeing) her he stopped to talk. 3. (Being entered, having entered) the room I switched on the light. 4. He left without (having said, saying) good-bye. 5. The patient was sent to hospital after (having been examined, being examined) 6. On (having heard, hearing) the telephone ring I went to answer the call. 7. You'd better do something instead of (spending, having spent) the time like this. 8. Take your time before (having answered, answering).

Exercise 8. Change the following sentences to use the passive form of the Gerund:

Model: He likes telling such stories.

He likes being told such stories.

1. I object to giving her so much work. 2. I'm against helping him.

3. I'm surprised at his asking such a foolish question 4. I hate interrupting people when they speak. 5. She insisted on sending him to the chemist's. 6. They like inviting people to their place. 7. Linda hates criticizing people. 8. She doesn't insist on examining him 9. I'm tired of telling you one and the same thing.

Exercise 9. Make the following sentences simple using the Gerund as in the model.

Model: I remember that I have seen him only once.

I remember having seen him only once.

1. He called on his friend before he left the town. 2. When he received another letter from her he changed his mind. 3. We must consider the matter thoroughly before we come to any conclusion. 4. When the girl entered the room she looked at the faces of unknown people.

Exercise 10. Join two sentences into one using the Gerund as in the model.

Model: He doesn't smoke. He gave it up.

He gave up smoking.

1. They examined George last week. He didn't mind it. 2. Tom felt he was rude. He apologized. 3. They intend to promote her. She is against it. 4. We intend to promote a new product. We are all for it. 5. She wants to be an economist. She dreams of it. 6. She wants her husband to become a banker. She dreams of it. 7. He likes when he is criticized. He says he enjoys it. 8. His colleagues call him «Fatty». He doesn't seem to mind it.

Exercise 11. Change the sentences using the Gerund as in the model.

Model: Helen is studying English and 1 approve of it.

I approve of Helen's studying English.

1. She works as an economist and I approve of it. 2. George studies law but his father is against it. 3. He had to work in the laboratory for a long time and he got used to it. 4. Jane will become a manager. She has been dreaming of it for a long time. 5. You may take the reference book. I don't mind it. 6. We didn't finish the experiment. His arrival prevented us.

Exercise 12. Complete the sentences using the Gerund. Mind the form of the Gerund.

Model: He was rude to the girl. He should apologize… .

He should apologize to the girl for having been rude.

1. She got an excellent mark. You should congratulate her on... .

2. Jane didn't want to argue with them. Jane is against... . 3. Jane will take a postgraduate course. I approve of... . 4. He was late. He said: «Excuse...» 5. It is no longer hard for me to get up early. I got used to... . 6. Ann doesn't study French any longer. She gave up... . 7. Don't see the film. The film is not worth... . 8. He left unexpectedly and didn't say good-bye. He left without... . 9. He usually uses notes when he makes a speech. He should avoid... .

Exercise 13. Use the correct form of the gerund. Translate the sentences into Russian.

1. I enjoy (to read) detective stories. 2. On (to introduce) they easily fell to (to talk). 3. I don't remember ever (to see) the play on the stage of our playhouse. 4. I don't remember the play (to stage) at our playhouse. 5. We thought of (to drive) out of town next Sunday. 6. He neither admitted nor denied (to do) it. 7. I didn’t like (to spend) my holidays in the country. 8. You must excuse me for (to give) you so much trouble. 9. The old man could not stand (to make) fun of. 10. He left the room without (to look) at us. 11. I've always liked (to take) risks. 12. (To keep) his secret won't do any harm. 13. Why do you avoid (to see) me? 14. They accused me of (to deceive) them. 15. She denied (to be) at the station that day. 16. 1 don't like (to spy) on.

Exercise 14. Complete the following sentences using the Gerund.

1. I am interested in .... 2. She couldn't help ... . 3. The play is worth ... . 4. It's no good ... . 5. What's the use of ... ? 6. I'm fond of... . 7. He never thought of... . 8. We must go on .... 9. Everyone enjoyed ... . 10. I'm not used to... .11. Do you mind ... ? 12. We found them engaged in ... . 13. I'm looking forward to ... . 14. They are used to ... . 15. I don't feel like ... .

16. What about ... ? 17. She gave up ... .

Exercise 15. Insert the missing prepositions where necessary.

1. You are not very good ... telling lies, are you? 2. If this is what you intend ... asking me, stop ... wasting your time. 3. I don't in the least object ... your playing practical jokes on other people. 4. With dignity Mason thanked me ... entertaining him. 5. There doesn't seem to be any sense ... wasting more money. 6. Julia was tired ... doing much the same thing every day. 7. We saw all the plays that were worth ... seeing. 8. He was shy ... making acquaintance with strangers. 9. You will undoubtedly learn the advantage ... running your own business. 10. I had difficulty ... thinking ... my friend as a hero. 11. He greeted me noisily, but I cut him short ... giving him the telegram. 12. I delayed ... breaking the news even ... George. 13. He got used ... being taken care ... . 14. He didn’t mind ... carrying my baggage. 15. There was no possibility ... taking a walk after that. 16. She couldn't bear ... being read ... any longer. 17. Is there any chance ... seeing any of his pictures? 18. My wife is busy … reading ... my son.

Exercise 16. Translate into English as in the models.

Model: I can't help telling you the story.

1. Она не может не сказать ему об этом письме. 2. Он не может не позвонить ей. 3. Когда мы услышали конец рассказа, мы не могли не смеяться. 4. Я не могу не пригласить его на нашy вечеринку.

Model: Would you mind helping me?

1. Будьте любезны, откройте дверь. 2. Будьте любезны, ответьте на это письмо как можно скорее. 3. Пожалуйста, дайте мне чистый лист бумаги. 4. Пожалуйста, узнайте номер его телефона. 5. Не будете ли вы настолько любезны, чтобы подождать нас немного?

Model: The book is worth reading.

1. Книгу стоит перевести на английский язык. 2. Эту статью стоит прочесть. 3. Его доклад стоит послушать. 4. Выставку стоит посмотреть. 5. На эту тему стоит сделать доклад.

Model: It is impossible to discuss a picture without seeing it.

1. Они приняли проект, не обсуждая его. 2. Он прошел мимо, не заметив меня. 3. Мы разговаривали с ним, не зная, что это ректор института. 4. Он ушел, не поговорив с нами.

Functions of the Gerund

Подлежащее

(subject)

Increasing the output of consumer goods is a key task. Увеличение выпуска товаров народного потребления - ключевая задача.

Часть сказуемого (part of a predicate):

a) именная часть именного составного сказуемого (nominal part of a compound nominal predicate)

b) часть сложного глагольного сказуемого (part of a compound verbal predicate)

a) My favourite occupation is reading. - Мое любимое занятие – чтение.

b) They continued discussing the strategic plan of the development. - Они продолжали обсуждать стратегический план развития.

Дополнение

(object):

a) без предлога

(non-prepositional)

b) с предлогом

(prepositional)

a) Our plan involved transporting the goods. Наш план предполагал транспорти­ровку товаров.

b) We pay attention to expanding cooperation with different countries. - Мы уделяем внимание расширению сотрудничества с различными странами.

внимание расширению сотрудничества со многими странами.

Определение

(attribute)

We used a new method of producing goods. - Мы использовали новый метод производства товаров.

Обстоятельство

(adverbial modifier)

In spite of making maximum profits the employers held wages down. - Несмотря на извлечение максимальной прибыли, работодатели снизили зарплату.

Exercises

Exercise 17. State the function of the Gerund. Translate into Russian.

1. She dreams of entering the University (определение, обстоятельство, дополнение). 2. Her dreams of being invited to the party came true (часть сказуемого, обстоятельство, определение). 3. He was surprised at not having been invited to the meeting (подлежащее, часть сказуемого, дополнение). 4. I am tired of being reminded of it (дополнение, часть сказуемого, обстоятельство). 5. William likes reading adventure books (определение, дополнение, часть сказуемого). 6. Learning rules without examples is useless (подлежащее, часть сказуемого, дополнение). 7. He should be proud of having won the game (дополнение, часть сказуемого, обстоятельство).

Exercise 18. Define the function of the Gerund. Translate the sentences into Russian.

1. Sleeping so much is bad for your health. 2. His hobby is collecting stamps. 3. They started arguing again. 4. Avoid riding in the underground in rush hours. 5. There is no harm in trying. 6. What are their chances of winning the game? 7. On arranging everything you should return home. 8. He got what he wanted without raising his voice. 9. Jane often mentions knowing Mrs. Anderson. 10. Everybody likes being loved. 11. We learned of having gone to a health resort. 12. What prevented him from making such a mistake? 14. We knew of having won the game 15. Everybody was informed of conducting a meeting.

Exercise 19. Complete the given sentences using the Gerund as

a) subject:

I. It was no use... . 2. ...was no easy matter. 3. It was good... . 4. There was no use... . 5. ...was a great pleasure. 6. ...was healthy. 7. There was nothing... . 8. It was so wonderful... .

b) part of a compound verbal predicate:

1. The manager continued… . 2. The boy kept on.... . 3. We intended ... . 4. George could not help… . 5. Before we started... 6. The guide went on... . 7. Catherine kept on ... . 8. When will you finish...? 9. Tom began... . 10. She looked up and burst out... .

c) part of compound nominal predicate:

1. The only remedy for such a headache as mine is... . 2. Her aim is… . 3. His first job was... . 4. The main thing to do in this situation is... .

5. To read his novels was like... 6. I can't ask him for help. That would mean... . 7. At the time their quarrel looked like… .

d) non-prepositional object:

1. Most people prefer... . 2. Don't put off... . 3. She doesn't seem to mind... . 4. I don't think he remembers... . 5. Dick avoids... . 6. Helen could not bear… . 7. 1 don't regret... . 8. Everyone enjoyed... . 9. They denied... . 10. The house wants... . 11. The film is worth... .

e) prepositional object:

1. I never thought of... . 2. They talked of... . 3. William is clever at... 4. Does anyone object to...? 5. He did not succeed in… . 6. Who would have thought him capable of...? 7. Nobody suspected Emily of... . 8. I don't insist on... . 9. We were tired of… . 10. She had no intention of... .

f) attribute:

1. He didn't want to discuss the idea of... . 2. There was little hope of... . 3. I can't make out the reason for... . 4. She said that she had no chance of... . 5. He admired her way of... . 6. Miss Moss gave no sign of... 7. Her parents are terribly upset at the thought of... .

g) adverbial modifier:

1. On ...he had once more a feeling of disappointment. 2. By ... he saved a good deal of time. 3. Take your time before... . 4. Clare startled her father by... . 5. He could tell the funniest joke without…. 6. You can make him lose his temper by... . 7. In spite of..., he did all he could to help her.

8. David left London without... .

Exercise 20. Translate into English using the Gerund.

1. Они продолжали разговаривать. 2. Вы не должны откладывать решение этого вопроса. 3. Студенты сейчас заняты подготовкой к экзаменам. 4. Он предложил купить билеты на концерт. 5. Эту статью стоит прочитать еще раз. 6. Им удалось осуществить свой план. 7. Я давно мечтала побывать в Лондоне. 8. Перестаньте разговаривать, вы мешаете нам слушать. 9. Я помню, что когда-то читал этот роман. 10. Она увлекается игрой в теннис. 11. Дети привыкли к тому, что им читают книги на ночь. 12. Я настаиваю на том, чтобы меня выслушали. 13. Она продолжала спорить, вместо того чтобы согласиться с ними. 14. Они не возражали пройтись пешком. 15. Подумайте как следует, прежде чем отвечать. 16. Преподаватель возражал против того, чтобы студенты пользовались словарем, переводя этот текст. 17. Изучение иностранного языка требует большого терпения и настойчивости. 18. Он не привык, чтобы его хвалили. 19. Он сказал это так, что я не могла не рассмеяться. 20. Прежде чем писать об этих событиях, он решил съездить в те места, где они происходили. 21. Я предпочитаю сделать эту работу сегодня. 22. Мне стыдно, что я сделала так много ошибок и последнем тесте. 23. Она разорвала письмо на мелкие кусочки, не читая его. 24. Мне жаль, что я вас так расстроил. 25. Я помню, что была занята разработкой проекта в это время.

The Gerundial Constructions

(Герундиальные обороты)

I. Действие, выраженное герундием, может иметь свой субъект. В этом случае перед герундием стоит существительное в притяжательном падеже (иногда в общем) или притяжательное местоимение, которое и является исполнителем действия, выраженного герундием. Такие герундиальные обороты переводятся на русский язык придаточным предложением с союзом «что» («чтобы») с предшествующим ему местоимением «то». Герундий переводится личной формой глагола, которая является сказуемым этого придаточного предложения, а стоящее перед герундием существительное (местоимение) при переводе будет подлежащим этого придаточного предложения: e.g. Her being sent on business is quite unexpected to us. – То, что ее посылают в командировку, для нас совершенно неожиданно.

II. Действие, выраженное герундием, может не иметь своего субъекта, тогда субъектом герундиального оборота будет подлежащее предложения. Герундий переводится личной формой глагола в функции сказуемого придаточного предложения. Подлежащим придаточного предложения будет тот член предложения, к которому относится действие, выраженное сказуемым: e.g. In spite of not having received the invitation he went to the conference. - Несмотря на то, что он не получил приглашение, он поехал на конференцию.

Exercises

Exercise 21. Translate into Russian. Mind the person or the thing that the action expressed by the Gerund refers to.

1. We approve of these steps having been taken at once. 2. I am surprised at her not having received an invitation card. 3. She dreams of her son becoming a manager. 4. I am afraid of her being fined for breaking the traffic rules. 5. We are for his staying with his relatives for the summer vacation. 6. 1 am sure of their winning the game. 7. He was displeased at the text not having been recorded. 8. George is against her being sent on business abroad.

Exercise 22. Find the sentences with the Gerundial Constructions. Translate them into Russian.

  1. Despite those qualifications, I consider the model to have some practical usefulness both in explaining the past and in serving as a guide to the policy-maker. 2. They can push their rate of investment to a higher level than the United States without running into diminishing returns. 3. New optimism about exports has affected productivity mainly by raising the level of investment and not primarily by improving its allocation. 4. Much effort is spent on thinking out the ways of our reducing inflation and considerable sacrifices are accepted in attempts to avoid it. 5. International trade has played an important part in influencing entrepreneurial expectations in Europe. 6. The progress which we have made during the last twenty years in attempting to achieve our economic and social goals has certainly been substantial. 7. A significant consequence of specialization is in our narrowing the range of operations performed per individual. 8. The probability of all machines being at an indexing point at one time is extremely slight indeed. 9. The problems of attaining internal balance are more difficult in the big countries, because of their size, than in smaller countries. 10. Apart from their importance in the world economy, the comparative development of these countries is worth examining because they have a basically similar economic system. 11.The Government agencies are responsible for support buying of these commodities and for selling them when the market permits. 12. Improving the production of selected seeds has been another objective of the council for Mutual Economic Assistance. 13. In considering the trends in the flow of goods, our attention will be centered on commodities, since data on services are scanty. 14. Most of us in our everyday lives have been faced with the difficulty of choosing among several goals. 15. I will confine myself to trying to explain how the problem of goal conflict, and the consequent need to doing more to reconcile Canada's economic goals, arises in the first place. 16. The divergence in productivity levels between different firms is also a consequence of differing growth rates and not necessarily a reflection of different competitive situations.

Exercise 23. Change the following sentences according to the model and translate them into Russian.

Model: I like reading aloud. –

I like your (my, his, her, our, their) reading aloud.

1. He insists on discussing the article now. 2. I do not remember speaking about it. 3. Do you mind making a report at the next seminar. 4. I don't like the idea of postponing the meeting. 5. He suggested taking a taxi. 6. We did not object to doing this work. 7. They relied on finding him at home. 8. I am tired of repeating the same thing. 9. There was little hope of catching the train 10. She enjoys singing.

Exercise 24. Use the Gerund instead of the subordinate clauses. Insert prepositions if necessary.

Model: He was sure she would get the job at last.

He was sure of her getting the job at last.

1. Why do you deny you saw us yesterday? 2. She disliked that he was so stubborn and never listened to her reasons. 3. I prefer that we should stay at home in such cold weather. 4. I hope you will excuse me if I remind of the book again. 5. Rose did not mind that he should carry her bag. 6. Philip didn't like the idea that we should change trains twice. 7. Ann was disappointed that her husband had left the ticket behind. 8. He complained that they had been misunderstood. 9. There was no sense that I should wait any longer. 10. I object that he should be kept in the dark about the matter. 11. Will you object if he joins us for the trip? 12. He felt much better after he had a rest. 13. Nobody knew that we had agreed to take part in the expedition. 14. He disliked that she told him the truth. 15. He insists that we should travell light.

Exercise 25. Change the following sentences using Gerundial

Constructions instead of subordinate clauses.

Model: We were surprised that he had not kept his promise.

We were surprised at his not having kept his promise.

1. He denied that she had doubted his words 2. Do you object if I speak Russian? 3. She had no idea that he was good at marketing. 4. Julia suggested that they should go down. 5. She insisted we should put off the conference. 6. I would not mind if the children go to the park now. 7. Ray was surprised that she had written him a letter. 8. They couldn't guess the reason why Sam was so sad. 9. We have no hope that they would cope with the task. 10. That she was at home was a bit of luck for us.

Exercise 26. Translate the following sentences with the Gerund and the Gerundial Constructions.

1. By raising more money in taxation, the surplus can directly or indirectly finance investment. 2. Narrowing the range of activities implies an increased dependence on the market for both the purchase of commodities and the sales of factors. 3. The greater stratification of European society has no doubt been а hindrance (помеха, препятствие) to productivity, both in standardizing products and in making the best use of human resources. 4. We must face the fact, though, that having more economic goals, and more demanding ones, inevitably increases the possibility of conflict between them. 5. Since economic growth usually involves providing the labor force not only with more but also with different types of capital goods, it therefore involves engaging in new types of enterprise and new types of work. 6. One of the most interesting developments in this field is the great number of small firms that have begun manufacturing computers during the last few months. 7. The increasing size of the firms in growing industries therefore increases the likelihood (вероятность) of research becoming an important activity and of their requirements for high-level skills accelerating faster than output. 8. Balancing food production in relation to export markets thus should be viewed differently depending on the comparative advantage and unique position facing individual countries. 9. There is a good deal of agreement that British balance of payments problems, and the periodic imposition of restrictive policies in order to deal with them, have been largely or partly responsible for holding back growth. 10. By keeping government interference to a minimum, we should liberate initiative and enterprise.

The Comparison of the forms and the functions

of the Participle and the Gerund

I. Сравнение форм и функций причастия и герундия.

Формы причастия и герундия совпадают, но они различаются по своим функциям в предложении. Поэтому, чтобы правильно определить причастие употреблено в предложении или герундий и правильно перевести их на русский язык, необходимо знать их синтаксические функции.

Как причастие, так и герундий, могут выступать в функции определения и обстоятельства, но причастие в этих функциях употребляется без предлога, а герундий обязательно с предлогом.

Наличие союзов when или while показывает, что это Participle I в функции обстоятельства. Сравните предложения:

(When) seeing the car at the door On seeing the car at the door I I understood that our director understood that our director had

had already returned. already returned.

Увидев автомобиль у подъезда, я понял, что наш директор уже вернулся.