3. You'll come across these word combinations in the text:

to spend much time проводить много времени

to dissect corpses препарировать трупы

skin layers кожный покров

cells and tissues клетки и ткани

in turn в свою очередь

the motive and supporting опорно-двигательный аппарат

apparatus

to consist of состоять из

the mouth cavity ротовая полость

4. Study grammar-table No. I on page 51 and make the grammar analysis of the following sentences. Translate them:

1. Tissues, combining in different proportions, form organs.

2. The organism is a single system consisting of cells, tissues and organs.

3. Organs, filling the body's chest and abdominal cavity and called "the viscera", belong to the respiratory and the digestive system.

4. Made up of the brain, the spinal cord and nerves, the nervous system regulate all the body's activities.

5. Read the text and answer the questions given below.

In this first year of a Medical Institute the medical student studies Anatomy, Phisiology, Biology. The student spends much of his time in the anatomy hall. There he dissects corpses and learns Anatomy beginning from the bone structure of the head to the skin layers of the foot.

The organism is a single system consisting of cells, tissues and organs. A cell is the simplest element of the human body. A group of cells forms tissue, like muscle tissue or dental one.

Tissues, in turn, combining in different proportions and correlations, Form organs. A system is a group of organs performing the same functions and having the same tissues. There are the following systems in the human body: nervous, digestive, respiratory, vascular, skeletal, muscular, visceral and so on.

Made up of the brain, the spinal cord and nerves, the nervous system regulates all the body's activities.

The digestive system consists of the alimentary tract starting from the mouth cavity.

Organs, filling the body's chest and abdominal cavity and called "the viscera", belong to the respiratory and digestive systems. They together provide the body with food and oxygen.

Muscles making up 40 per cent of the body's weight are the elements of the muscular system. Their function is contraction. The skeleton together with the muscles constitute the motive and supporting apparatus.

The heart, blood vessels and capillaries are the elements of the vascular system which covers some 600,000 miles of tubes carrying blood to every part of the body.

1. What do medical students do in the anatomy hall?

2. What does the human organism consist of?

3. What do cells form?

4. What are the elements of the motive and supporting apparatus?

EXERCISES

Ex. 1. Listen to the tape-recording of the text and repeat sentence by sentence.

Ex. 2. Give English equivalents: изучать строение тела человека, выполнять функция, клетки и ткани, зубные ткани, пищеварительная система, нервы, препарировать трупы, голова, слой кожи, мышцы, грудная клетка, скелет, кровь, состоять из, обеспечивать кислородом, кровеносные сосуды, ротовая полость, нервная система.

Ex. 3. Translate, paying attention to the attributes expressed by the Participles:

1. The organs having different structure but performing the same functions form an apparatus.

2. The organism is a single system made up of cells, tissues and organs.

3. The student dissecting a corpse is our monitor.

4. She looked happily at her saved son.

5. The digestive system consists of the alimentary tract starting in the mouth cavity.

6. In the abdominal cavity there are different organs called viscera.

7. There are 4 types of bones according to their shape: long, short, flat and irregular.

8. The motive and supporting apparatus made up of muscles and bones makes movement possible.

Ex. 4. Give the correct forms of the verbs in brackets:

1. When you (to enter) the Institute?

2. I (to work) in the anatomy theatre tomorrow.

3. The skeleton (to support) and (to protect) viscera.

4. Cells (to be) the simplest elements of the human body.

5. The respiratory system (to provide) the body with oxygen.

6. We (to study) the structure of the human body at the anatomy class yesterday.

Ex. 5. Translate:

1. На занятиях по анатомии студенты изучают строение человеческого тела, препарируя трупы.

2. Организм человека - это единая система, состоящая из клеток, тканей, органов.

3. Комбинируясь в различных пропорциях и соотношениях, ткани образуют органы.

4. Нервная система, состоящая из нервных клеток, регулирует деятельность человека.

Ex. 6. Answer the questions and check your answers:

1. What does Anatomy study?

2. What does the organism consist of?

3. What is the simplest element of the human body?

4. What does a system consist of?

5. What systems are there in the human body?

6. What is the function of the digestive system?

7. What organs are there in the chest?

8. What systems do the viscera belong to?

9. What is their function?

10. What are the elements of the muscular system?

11. What is the function of the muscles?

12. What are the elements of the vascular system?

Ex. 7. Find and show in the picture the following parts of the human body:

Head: the face, hair, the forehead, the eyes, the nose, the mouth, the chin, the cheek, the ears, the neck; Trunk: the chest, the stomach; Limbs: the shoulder, the arm, the elbow, the hand, the finger, the leg, the knee, the foot, the toe.

THE MUSCLES

In the adult the muscles form about 35 % - 40 % of the body weight. All the muscles are divided into the muscles of the trunk, head, and extremities.

Long, short and wide muscles form three basic groups. The long muscles compose the free parts of the extremities. The wide muscles form the walls of the body cavities. Some short muscles, of which stapedius (стремечковая) is the smallest muscle in the human body, form facial musculature.

The structure of the muscular fibers is different in different groups of muscles. The muscles consist of a mass of muscle cells. The muscular fibers are connected together by connective tissue.

Lesson 3

THE SKELETON

Wordbuilding

-ive - суффикс, образующий прилагательные от глагола to digest- переваривать digestive - пищеварительный

-ous - суффиксы, образующие прилагательные от существительных a nerve - нерв nervous - нервный

a skeleton - скелет skeletal - скелетный

1. Guess the meanings of the adjectives and translate them:

to protect - защищать protective -

to sense - чувствовать sensitive -

to relate - относить(ся) relative -

a fibre - волокно fibrous -

a face - лицо facial -

a spine - позвонок spinal -

Stomatology - стоматология stomatological -

Biology - биология biological -

2. Translate the international words and the words of Latin origin: interior-internal; exterior-external; superior; posterior, lymphatic; a membrane; compact substance; the mandible.

3. While reading the text you'll come across these word combinations: to be knit together - быть соединенным

to be well saved - быть хорошо защищенным

mechanical injuries - механические повреждения

the periosteum - надкостница

loose connective tissue - рыхлая соединительная ткань

the junction - соединение

spongy substance - губчатое вещество

to be supplied with - быть снабженным ч/л

a lower jaw bon - нижняя челюстная кость

dried up - высохший

especially - особенно

the movable jaw bone - подвижная челюстная кость

the spinal column - позвоночный столб

4. Study grammar-table No. 2. on page 52 and make the grammar analysis of these sentences. Translate them:

1. The bony structure of the body is called the skeleton.

2. The bones are knit together by fibrous tissues.

3. The nervous system is saved by the skull.

4. Each bone is supplied with nerves.

5. Read the text and answer the questions given below.

The bony structure of the body is called the skeleton (from the Greek word meaning "dried up"). The skeleton consists of 206 bones of various shapes and sizes. The bones are knit together by fibrous tissues. The fibrous junction between two bones is called a joint.

The functions of the skeleton are those of support, movement and protection. The protective function of the skeleton is especially seen in the skull, the spinal column and the chest. The central nervous system, the heart, the lungs and other organs are well saved from external mechanical injuries.

A bone is structurally a complex organ. The greater part of a bone consists of bony tissue formed of compact and spongy bony substance. Except for the tooth enamel bone is the hardest tissue in the body.

Each bone is supplied with nerves, blood and lymphatic vessels. Bones have an outer layer called the periosteum. The periosteum is a fibrous membrane which has two layers - the external performing a protective function and the internal one with many nerve fibres and blood vessels.

The bony structure of the head and face is called the skull. It consists of 23 bones. The main parts are the cranium in which the brain is well saved and the facial skeleton with the movable lower jaw bone. The lower jaw bone called the mandible enables man to talk and eat.

The main bones of the face are the mandible, two upper jaw bones, two malar, two nasal, two lacrimal, two palate bones. All of these bones except the mandible are closely knit together.

1. What is the skeleton?

2. How many bones does the skeleton consist of?

3. What is the function of the skeleton?

4. What is the hardest tissue in the body?

5. Where are the heart and the lungs situated?

6. What bones of the face do you know?

EXERCISES

Ex. 1. Listen to the tape-recording of the text and repeat sentence by sentence after the speaker.

Ex. 2. Give English equivalents: механическое повреждение, волокнистая ткань, защитная функция, центральная нервная система, лицевая часть, нижняя челюсть, надкостница, мозг, сердце и легкие, внешний и внутренний, верхний и нижний.

Ex. 3. State the tense form of the Predicate and translate:

1. The musculo-skeletal system is made up of bones, muscles and joints.

2. Bones are classified as long, short, flat and irregular.

3. All the muscles' contractions are controlled by the brain.

4. We were asked about our work.

5. The corpse was dissected by one of the students.

6. New cells are formed by division of old ones. This process is called mitosis,

7. This work will be done by John.

8. The blood analysis was made yesterday.

9. Medical students are taught Physiology.

10. The body is made up of 60 trillion cells that join together forming tissues.

Ex. 4. Give the correct forms:

1. The books (to bring) tomorrow.

2. The experiment (to make) two weeks ago.

3. Vitamins (to give to) the child.

4. The body (to consist of) cells, tissues and organs.

5. Bones (to knit) together by joints.

6. The brain (to protect) by the skull.

7. The bones (to cover) by the periosteum.

Ex. 5. Translate into English:

1. Внешний слой, покрывающий кость, называется надкостницей.

2. Каждая кость снабжена кровеносными сосудами и нервами.

3. Защитная функция выполняется наружным слоем надкостницы.

4. Об этом эксперименте много говорили.

5. Органы человеческого тела состоят из различных тканей, скомбинированных в различных соотношениях.

Ex. 6. Answer the following questions and check your answers:

1. What is the bony structure of the body called?

2. What is the bony structure of the head called?

3. What functions does a joint perform?

4. What are the functions of the skeleton?

5. What is the brain saved by the skull from?

6. What organ is a bone?

7. What does a bone consist of?

8. What is a bone covered with?

9. What are the main parts of the skull?

10. What bones of the face do you know?

11. What bone of the face is movable?

Ex. 7. Translate the text without a dictionary:

Man's skeleton was formed more than million years ago. The skeleton is a tower of bones knit together by joints so that man can run, jump and bend. 206 bones protect the vital organs from injuries. The skeleton performs functions of support, movement and protection. The supporting function consists in supporting all the organs and giving the body a definite form and position. The skeleton, together with the muscles, constitute the motive apparatus.

The human skeleton may be divided into the skeleton of the trunk, upper extremities, lower extremities and the skull.

The bony part of the head is called the cranium or skull. The skull has a cavity which contains the brain. The bones of the skull form the mouth and nasal cavities. In the mouth cavity there are accessory organs of the digestive system

THE SKULL

The main part of the head and face is called the skull. The skull is composed of twenty-six bones. These bones form two basic parts of the skull, that is, facial and cranial parts.

The bones of the skull are connected with the cervical vertebrae. The bones of the skull are connected together so firmly (крепко) that it is very difficult to separate them.

The bones of the skull form one large cavity and some smaller cavities. The large cavity is called the cranial cavity. The brain is in the cranial cavity. One of the smaller cavities is the oral cavity and the other is the cavity of the nose. The other two cavities are the orbits. The eyeballs are in the orbits.

Lesson 4