Тнe mandible

1. Listen to the following words and word combinations and learn their meanings before reading the text:

a pair of rami, a coronoid process, a condyloid process, to surmount, a consti icted part, a symphysis menti, an outer surface, convex, concave.

2. Study the picture and remember the following expressions:

1.the condyloid process -мыщелковый отросток;

2. the mandibular notch - нижне-челюстная вырезка;

3. the coronoid process -венечный отросток;

4. the mandibular foramen -нижне-челюстное отверстие;

5. the upper border of the mandible -верхняя граница нижней челюсти;

6. the lower border of the mandible -нижняя граница нижней челюсти;

7. the mental foramen -подбородочное отверстие;

8. the outer surface of the mandible -внешняя поверхность нижней челюсти;

9. the inner surface of the mandible -внутренняя поверхность нижней челюсти.

3. Pay your attention to the use of the Complex Subject in these sentences. Translate them:

1. The upper part is known to be called the alveolar part.

2. The lower border is known to be the base of the mandible.

4. Read the text and be ready to answer some questions:

The mandible lies below the anterior part of the cranium and is the skeleton of the lower part of the face. It has the body and a pair of flat, broad rami, which stand up from the posterior part of the body.

Each ramus is surmounted by two processes: the anterior is named the coronoid process, and the posterior is the condyloid one. The condyloid process has an articular part called the head.

The right and left halves of the body of the mandible are united together in the medial plane in front. Their junction is called the symphysis menti. The halves of the mandible are joined together by fibrous tissue at birth, but they are fused together into one bone during the second year. Each half of the body of the mandible has an outer and inner surface and an upper and a lower border. The surfaces

slope so that the lower border makes a wider arch than the upper border.

The upper pan is known to be called the alveolar part because it is occupied by a row of alveoli, those are the sockets for the teeth. On each side the sockets for the two incisors, the canine and two premolars are single but for the three molars are double, for each mandibular molar has two roots: anterior and posterior. The lower border is known to be the base of the mandible. The outer surface is slightly convex, but has a depression alongside the symphysis below the incisor teeth. The mental foramen is seen on the outer surface of the mandible. The inner surface is convex and concave at different parts. There is a shallow depression called the submandibular fossa.

The mandibular foramen leads into a canal which runs in the substance of the bone and carries the vessels and nerves for the teeth.

The mandible is the only bone of the face which has movement. The temporamandibular joint is known to make a wide range of mandibular motion. This joint consists of two joints on either side of the mandible, which articulates with temporal bones on either side of the head. The mandible serves as the attachment of the elevator muscles which consist of the masseter, temporal and internal pterygoid muscles.

1. What is the mandible?

2. What parts does the mandible consist off

3. What part is called the alveolar one?

4. What bone of the face has movement?

EXERCISES

Ex. I. Listen to the text and prepare the fast reading of it.

Ex. 2. Give English equivalents;

передний, задний, верхний, нижний, ветвь, отростки, венечный отросток, суставный отросток, наружная поверхность, внутренняя поверхность, соединение, подбородочный шов, отверстие, объединять, подъязычная ямка,

Ex. 3. Choose the necessary preposition.

1. The head of the condilyloid process is supported neck.

2. The ramiare united together ... fibrous tissue ... birth

3. The mental foramen is seen ... outer surface of the mandible.

4. The upper part is occupied ... a row alveoli.

5. The alveoli are the sockets ... the teeth.

6. The mandible has a pair ... broad rami.

7. The mandibular foramen leads ... a canal which carries the vessels and nerves ... the teeth.

by, at, on, in, with, from, for, of, into

Ex, 4. Translate paying attention to the Complex Subject.

1. The mandible is known to be the largest bone of the face.

2. The cement is known to be a modified bone.

3. The symphysis is said to be the junction of two rami.

4. The doctor is expected to come at five.

5. The great Russian physiologists Sechenov and Pavlov are known to have established the basic principles of the physiology of the nervous system.

Ex. 5. Translate.

1. Нижняя челюсть является самой большой костью лица.

2. Каждая ветвь нижней челюсти увенчена двумя отростками: суставным и венечным.

3. Суставной отросток имеет галовку.

4. Нижняя граница является основанием челюсти.

5. Верхняя часть нижней челюсти называется альвеолярной частью.

Ех 6. Answer the questions and check your answers:

1. Where does the mandible lie?

2. How many processes is each ramus surmounted by?

3. What is the junction of the two halves of the mandibie called?

4. What is the base of the mandible?

5. What parts has the condyloid process?

Lesson 11

MOSCOW

Moscow is the capital of Russia its political, economic , commercial and cultural centre. It was founded 8 centuries ago by PrinceYuri Dolgoruky. Historians have accepted the year of 1147 as the start of Moscow's history. Gradually the city became more and more powerful. In the 13th century Moscow was the centre of the struggle of Russian lands for the liberation from the tartar yoke. In the 16th century under Ivan the Terrible Moscow became the capital of the new united state. Though Peter the Great moved the capital to St. Petersburg in 1712 . Moscow remained the heart of Russia. That is why it became the main target of Napoleon's attack. Three-quarters of the city was destroyed by fire during Napoleo n's occupation but by the mid-19th century Moscow had been completely restored. After the October revolution Moscow became the capital again.

Now Moscow is one of the largest cities in Europe. Its total area is about nine hundred square kilometres (ancient Moscow occupied the territory of the present-day Kremlin). The population of the city is over 12 million , plus some three million guests coming annually.

Moscow is one of the most beautiful cities in the world. The heart of Moscow is Red Square. It has more historic associations than any other place in Moscow. On the territory of the Kremlin you can sее old cathedrals , the Bell Tower of Ivan the Great the Palace of Congresses , the Tzar-Cannon and the Tzar-Bell.

There are a lot of beautiful palaces old mansions, cathedrals, churches and monuments in Moscow. This year marks a significant national event for Muscovites and all Russian citizens - the jubilee celebration of Moscow's 850th anniversary. In 1994 the jubilee was approved by Presidential decree. Since then an intensive and widespread programme of restoration has enabled a rebirth for the City of Moscow. The recriation of the magnificent Christ the Saviour Cathedral is in full swing. Red Square's Kazansky Cathedral, Voskresenskv Gate and the Iverskaya Chapel have been restored. The majestic Monument of Victory on Poklonnava Hill has added to the capital's beauty. Across the city, churches, theatres , railway terminals anu monuments of history. Culture and architecture have been renovated in preparation for this sigatificant and historical year.

Moscow is famous for its museums and theatres. There are more than museums in Moscow. The largest museums are the Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts and the State Tretyakov Gallery. The Tretyakov Art Gallery has the richest collection of Russian and Soviet fine arts. Its 50 rooms are hung with pictures of marvelous beauty.

Other unique museums in Moscow include the All-Russian Museum of Folk Arts the Andrei Rublev Museum of Early Russian Art , Alexei Bakhrushin Theatre Museum Mikhail Glinka Museum of Musical Culture and many others.

There are many theatres in Moscow The Bolshoi Theatre enjoys the greates popularity. Grand and majestic building is a masterpiece of Moscow classicism. Its history is part of the history of Russian operatic and ballet art. F.Chaliapin . L .Sobinov. and many other famous singers appeared on its stage. The Bolshoi Ballet has won world fame.

The Maly Theatre is just as famous. It had its first season m 1824. Having gained fame with its productions of plays by Griboyedov, Gogol and Ostrovsky the theatre continues to play an outstanding part in Russian's cultural life. Drama theatres and studios are also very popular

Moscow is the seat of the Russian Parliament (the Duma) and the centre of political life of the country.

Moscow is the city of students. There are over 80 higher educational institutions in it, including several universities.

Vocabulary.

to accept [ək'sept]принимать, допускать

tartar yoke [ta:tə 'jouk ]татарское иго

target [ta:git]мишень, цель, объект

to restore [ris't'ə]реставрировать, восстанавливать

masterpiece [ma:stə pi:s]шедевр

mansion [manʃn] особняк

unique [ju:'ni:k]уникальный, единственный в своем роде

studio студия, театр-студия

grand [grænd]величественный

classicism классицизм

higher educational institution высшее учебное заведение

jubilee ['dʒu:bili:]юбилей

Names.

Ivan the Terrible [aivn ʓ'teibl]Иван Грозный

Napoleon [nə'pouliən] Наполеон

the Tzar-Cannon [za:(tsa:)'kænən] Царь-пушка

the Tzar-Bell [za:(tsa:)'bel] Царь-колокол

Kazan [kə'zæn] Казань

the Christ [kraist] Saviour [seivjə] Cathedral - храм Христа Спасителя

Questions.

1. When was Moscow founder?

2. Who was the founder of Moscow?

3. Is there a monument to Yuri Dolgoroky in Moscow? Where is it?

4. When did Moscow become the capital?

5. In 1712 the capital war moved to St.Petersburg , wasn't it?

6. When did Moscow become the capital again?

7. Was ancient Moscow a big city? What's the total area of modern Moscow?

8. What's the population of Moscow ?

9. What places of inters in the centre of Moscow do you know?

10. What can you see on the territory of the Kremlin?

11. What are the most famous Moscow museums?

12. What theatres in Moscow do you know? What is thus year famous for?

13. What is your favorite place in Moscow?