- •Практическая грамматика научно-технического текста (английский язык) москва 2004
- •Корректор
- •141700, Московская обл., г. Долгопрудный, Институтский пер., 9
- •Страдательный залог
- •III. Модальные глаголы в значении предположения
- •I. Subject – подлежащее
- •II. Инфинитив – вводный член в начале предложения, отделяется запятой.
- •III. Обстоятельство
- •IV. Определение
- •V. Инфинитив как часть сказуемого после глагола «to be»
- •VI. Object – дополнение
- •VII. Complex object – сложное дополнение
- •VIII. Complex Subject – сложное подлежащее
- •I. Определение
- •II. Обстоятельство
- •IV. Независимый (обособленный) причастный оборот
- •V. Сложное дополнение (дополнение и причастие)
- •I. Подлежащее
- •II. Дополнение
- •V. Обстоятельство
- •I. The indicative mood – изъявительное наклонение
- •II. The imperative mood – повелительное наклонение
- •III. The subjunctive mood – сослагательное наклонение
- •I. Сочетание “it is ... That”
- •II. Эмфатическая инверсия
- •III. Эмфатический глагол “to do”
- •IV. Двойное отрицание
- •Простые дроби
- •Десятичные дроби
- •Примеры
- •Возведение в степень
- •Извлечение корня
- •Формулы
- •Формулы химических соединений и уравнений химических реакций
- •Использованная литература
министерство образования российской федерации
Государственное образовательное учреждение
высшего профессионального образования
Московский физико-технический институт
(государственный университет)
Кафедра иностранных языков
Практическая грамматика научно-технического текста (английский язык) москва 2004
Составитель И. Н. Рукина
Практическая грамматика научно-технического текста (английский язык) /Сост. И.Н. Рукина. М.: МФТИ, 2004. – 60 с.
Составитель Ирина Николаевна Рукина
Корректор
Подписано в печать Формат 60 х 841/16. Бумага офсетная. Печать офсетная. Усл. печ. л. 3,75. Уч.-изд. л. 3,75. Тираж 2000 экз. Заказ №
Государственное образовательное учреждение
высшего профессионального образования
Московский физико-технический институт
(государственный университет)
Отдел автоматизированных издательских систем «физтех-полиграф»
141700, Московская обл., г. Долгопрудный, Институтский пер., 9
© Московский физико-технический институт, (государственный университет), 2004
сводная таблица употребления времен
ACTIVE VOICE
|
Present |
Past |
Future |
|||
Indefinite |
ask |
asked |
s hall |
ask |
||
to ask |
asks |
will |
||||
Continuous |
a m |
|
w as were |
asking |
s hall will |
be asking |
to be asking |
is |
asking |
||||
|
are |
|
||||
Perfect |
h ave |
asked |
had |
asked |
s hall |
have asked |
to have asked |
has |
will |
||||
Perfect |
h ave |
been asking |
had |
been asking |
s hall |
have been asking |
Continuous |
has |
will |
PASSIVE VOICE
|
Present |
Past |
Future |
|||
Indefinite |
a m |
|
w as were |
asked |
s hall will |
be asked |
to be asked |
is |
asked |
||||
|
are |
|
||||
Continuous |
a m |
being asked |
w as were |
being asked |
s hall will |
be asked |
to be being asked |
is |
|||||
are |
||||||
Perfect |
h ave |
been |
had |
been |
s hall will |
have been asked |
to have been asked |
has |
asked |
asked |
согласование времен
|
he works |
|
he worked |
||
|
|
is working |
|
|
was working |
|
|
|
|
|
|
He says |
he worked |
He said |
he had worked |
||
( that) |
|
was working |
( that) |
|
had been working |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
he will work |
|
he would work |
||
|
|
will be working |
|
|
would be working |
порядок слов в вопросительных предложениях
|
|
вопросительное слово |
вспомогательный глагол |
подлежащее и его определение |
смысловой глагол |
дополнение и его определение |
обстоятельство |
||
I n d e f i n i t e |
p r e s e n t |
Who What what |
Do Does
do do |
you he
you you |
write write writes write do |
letters letters letters |
regularly? regularly? regularly? regularly? regularly? |
||
p a s t |
Who When What |
Did
did did |
you (he)
you you |
write wrote write do |
a letter a letter a letter? |
yesterday? yesterday?
yesterday? |
|||
f u t u r e |
Who When What |
Will will will will |
you (she)
you (she) you (she) |
write write write do |
a letter a letter a letter? |
tomorrow? tomorrow?
tomorrow? |
|||
c o n t i n u o u s |
p r e s e n t |
Who What |
Are(is) is are |
you (he)
you |
writing writing doing |
a letter a letter |
now? now? now? |
||
p a s t |
|
Were
|
you
|
writing
|
a letter
|
when she came home? |
|||
|
Was |
he |
writing |
a letter |
-"- |
||||
Who |
was |
|
writing |
a letter |
-"- |
||||
What |
were |
you |
doing |
|
-"- |
||||
f u t u r e |
|
Will |
you (he) |
be writing |
a letter |
at 5 o’clock tomorrow? |
|||
Who |
will |
|
be writing |
a letter |
-"- |
||||
What |
will |
you |
be doing |
|
-"- |
|
|
вопросительное слово |
вспомогательный глагол |
подлежащее и его определение |
смысловой глагол |
дополнение и его определение |
обстоятельство |
p e r f e c t |
p r e s e n t |
Who What |
Have Has has have |
you he
you |
written written written done |
a letter a letter a letter |
yet? -"- -"- -"- |
p a s t |
|
Had |
you (he) |
written |
a letter |
by 5 o’clock? |
|
Who |
had |
|
written |
-"- |
by 5 o’clock? |
||
What |
had |
you |
done |
|
by 5 o’clock? |
||
By what time |
had |
you |
written |
-"- ? |
|
||
f u t u r e |
|
Will |
you |
have written |
a letter |
by 5 o’clock? |
|
Who |
will |
|
-"- |
-"- |
-"- |
||
By what time |
will |
you |
-"- |
-"-? |
|
||
p c e o r n f t e i c n t u o u s
|
p r e s e n t |
|
Have |
you |
been writing |
a letter |
since 5 o’clock? |
|
Has |
he |
-"- |
-"- |
for 20 minutes? |
||
Who |
has |
|
-"- |
-"- |
-"- |
||
How long |
have |
you |
-"- |
-"-? |
|
порядок слов в вопросительных предложениях. страдательных залог (passive voice)
|
|
вопросительное слово |
вспомогательный глагол |
подлежащее и его определение |
смысловой глагол |
второстепенные члены предложения |
I n d e f i n i t e |
p r e s e n t |
|
Are |
you |
invited |
to the conference? |
|
Is |
he |
-"- |
|||
Who |
is |
|
-"- |
-"- |
||
When |
are (is) |
you (he) |
-"- |
-"- |
||
p a s t |
|
Were |
you |
invited |
to the conference? |
|
|
Was |
he(she) |
-"- |
|||
Who |
was |
|
-"- |
-"- |
||
When |
were (was) |
you (he) |
-"- |
-"- |
||
f u t u r e |
|
Will |
you (he) |
be invited |
to the conference? |
|
|
|
|
|
|||
|
Shall |
I |
-"- |
-"- |
||
Who |
will |
|
-"- |
-"- |
||
When |
will |
you |
-"- |
-"- |
||
c o n t i n u o u s |
p r e s e n t |
|
Is |
the device |
being tested |
now? |
|
Are |
the devices |
-"- |
-"- |
||
What |
is |
|
-"- |
-"- |
||
Why |
are |
the devices |
-"- |
-"- |
||
p a s t |
|
Was |
the device |
being tested |
when I came in? |
|
|
Were |
the devices |
-"- |
-"- |
||
What |
was |
|
-"- |
-"- |
||
When |
was |
the device |
-"-? |
|
||
p e r f e c t |
p r e s e n t |
|
Has |
the device |
been tested |
yet? |
|
Have |
the devices |
-"- |
-"- |
||
What |
has |
|
-"- |
-"- |
||
By whom |
has |
the device |
-"- |
-"- |
||
p a s t |
|
Had |
the device |
been tested |
by 5 o’clock? |
|
What |
had |
|
been done |
-"- |
||
By what time |
had |
the device |
been tested? |
|
СТРАДАТЕЛЬНЫЙ ЗАЛОГ
Группа времен |
to be + Participle II |
||
Indefinite |
the book |
is |
written |
|
|
was |
|
|
|
will be |
|
Perfect |
the book |
has been |
written |
|
|
had been |
|
|
|
will have been |
|
Continuous |
the book |
is being |
written |
|
|
was being |
|
THE PASSIVE VOICE