The_Cambridge_Foucault_Lexicon
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x / List of Abbreviations |
ECF-GSO |
The Government of Self and Others: Lectures at the Collège de |
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France 1982–1983, trans. Graham Burchell. New York: Palgrave |
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Macmillan, 2010. |
ECF-HOS |
The Hermeneutics of the Subject: Lectures at the Collège de France |
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1981–1982, trans. Graham Burchell. New York: Palgrave |
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Macmillian, 2005. |
ECF-PP |
Psychiatric Power: Lectures at the Collège de France 1973–1974, trans. |
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Graham Burchell. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006. |
ECF-SMD |
“Society Must Be Defended”: Lectures at the Collège de France 1975–1976, |
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trans. David Macey. New York: Picador, 2003. |
ECF-STP |
Security, Territory, Population: Lectures at the Collège de France 1977– |
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1978, trans. Graham Burchell. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007. |
ECM |
“Crisis of Medicine or Crisis of Anti-medicine?” trans. Edgar C. |
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Knowlton, William J. King, and Clare O’Farrell, Foucault Studies 1 |
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(2004): 5–19. |
EDE |
Ludwig Binswanger, Dream and Existence, trans. Jacob Needleman, |
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Introduction (“Dream, Imagination, Existence”) by Michel Foucault, |
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trans. Forrest Williams. Atlantic Highlands, NJ: Humanities |
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Press, 1985. |
EDL |
Death and the Labyrinth: The World of Raymond Roussel, trans. Charles |
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Ruas. New York: Continuum, 2007. |
EDP |
Discipline and Punish, trans. Alan Sheridan. New York: Vintage, 1995. |
EEF |
The Essential Foucault, ed. Paul Rabinow and Nikolas Rose. New York: |
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The New Press, 2003. |
EEW1 |
Ethics, Subjectivity, and Truth: Essential Works of Foucault, 1954–1984, |
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ed. James D. Faubion. New York: The New Press, 1997. |
EEW2 |
Aesthetics, Method, and Epistemology: Essential Works of Foucault, |
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1954–1984, ed. James D. Faubion. New York: The New Press, 1998. |
EEW3 |
Power: Essential Works of Foucault, 1954–1984, ed. James D. Faubion. |
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New York: The New Press, 2000. |
EFB |
Michel Foucault, Maurice Blanchot: The Thought from Outside, and |
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Maurice Blanchot, Michel Foucault as I Imagine Him, trans. Jeffrey |
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Mehlman and Brian Massumi. New York: Zone Books, 1987. |
EFC |
A. J. Ayers and Arne Naess; Sir Karl Popper and Sir John Eccles; |
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Noam Chomsky and Michel Foucault; Leszek Kolakowski and |
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List of Abbreviations / xi |
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Henri Lefebrve, Relexive Water: The Basic Concerns of Mankind, ed. |
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Fons Elder. London: Souvenir Press, 1974. |
EFE |
The Foucault Effect: Studies in Governmentality, ed. Graham Burchell, |
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Colin Gordon, and Peter Miller. Chicago: University of Chicago |
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Press. |
EFL |
Foucault Live: Collected Interviews, 1961–1984, 2nd ed., ed. Sylvere |
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Lotringer. New York: Semiotext(e), 1996. |
EFR |
The Foucault Reader, ed. Paul Rabinow. New York: Pantheon |
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Books, 1984. |
EFS |
Fearless Speech, ed. Joseph Pearson. Los Angeles: Semiotexte, 2001. |
EGS |
“The Gay Science,” trans. Nicolae Morar and Daniel W. Smith, |
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Critical Inquiry 37 (2011): 385–403. |
EHM |
The History of Madness, trans. Jonathan Murphy and Jean Khalfa. |
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London: Routledge, 2006. |
EHS1 |
The History of Sexuality, volume 1: An Introduction, trans. Robert |
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Hurley. New York: Vintage, 1990. |
EHS2 |
The History of Sexuality, volume 2: The Use of Pleasure, trans. Robert |
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Hurley. New York: Random House, 1985. |
EHS3 |
The History of Sexuality, volume 3: The Care of the Self, trans. Robert |
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Hurley. New York: Vintage, 1988. |
EIKA |
Introduction to Kant’s Anthropology, trans. Roberto Nigro and Kate |
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Briggs. Los Angeles: Semiotext(e), 2008. |
EINP |
Georges Canguilhem, The Normal and the Pathological, with an |
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introduction by Michel Foucault. New York: Zone Books, 1991, |
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pp. 7–24. |
ELCP |
Language, Counter-memory, Practice: Selected Essays and Interviews |
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by Michel Foucault, ed. Donald F. Bouchard. Ithaca, NY: Cornell |
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University Press, 1977. |
EMIP |
Mental Illness and Psychology, trans. Alan Sheridan. Berkeley: |
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University of California Press, 1976. |
EMP |
Manet and the Object of Painting, trans. Nicolas Bourriaud. London: |
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Tate Publishing, 2009. |
ENP |
This Is Not a Pipe, trans. James Harkness. Berkeley: University of |
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California Press, 1982. |
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xii / List of Abbreviations |
EOT |
The Order of Things: An Archaeology of the Human Sciences, anon. trans. |
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New York: Vintage, 1994. |
EPGP |
“Photogenic Painting,” trans. Dafydd Roberts, in Michel Foucault, |
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Revisions 2: Photogenic Painting, ed. Gilles Deleuze. London: Black |
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Dog Publishing, 1999, pp. 81–104. |
EPHM |
“Preface to the 1961 Edition,” in The History of Madness, trans. |
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Jonathan Murphy and Jean Khalfa. London: Routledge, 2006, |
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pp. xxvii–xxxvi. |
EPK |
Power/Knowledge: Selected Interviews and Other Writings, 1972–1977, |
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ed. Colin Gordon. New York: Pantheon Books, 1980. |
EPPC |
Michel Foucault, Politics, Philosophy, Culture: Interview and Other |
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Writings, 1977–1984, ed. Lawrence D. Kritzman. New York: |
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Routledge, 1988. |
EPR |
I, Pierre Rivière, Having Slaughtered My Mother, My Sister, and My |
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Brother: A Case of Parricide in the 19th Century, ed. Michel Foucault, |
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trans. Frank Jellinek. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1982. |
EPT |
The Politics of Truth, trans. Lysa Hochroth and Catherine Porter. Los |
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Angeles: Semiotext(e), 2007. |
ERC |
Religion and Culture: Michel Foucault, selected and edited by Jeremy |
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R. Carrette. New York: Routledge, 1999. |
ERD |
“Reply to Derrida,” in The History of Madness, trans. Jonathan |
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Murphy and Jean Khalfa. London: Routledge, 2006, pp. 575–590. |
ETS |
Technologies of the Self: A Seminar with Michel Foucault, ed. Luther |
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H. Martin, Huck Gutman, and Patrick H. Hutton. Amherst: |
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University of Massachusetts Press, 1988. |
EWC |
“What Is Critique?” trans. Kevin Paul Geiman, in What Is |
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Enlightenment? Eighteenth Century Answers and Twentieth Century |
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Questions, ed. James Schmidt. Berkeley: University of California |
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Press, 1996, pp. 382–398. |
Texts by Michel Foucault in French
FAS |
L’archeologie du savoir. Paris: NRF Gallimard, 1969. |
FCF-ANO Les anormaux: Cours au Collège de France, 1974–1975. Paris: Seuil Gallimard, 1999.
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List of Abbreviations / xiii |
FCF-CV |
Le courage de la vérité, le gouvernement de soi et des autres II: Cours au |
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Collège de France, 1984. Paris: Seuil Gallimard, 2009. |
FCF-FDS |
“Il faut defendre la société”: Cours au Collège de France, 1976. Paris: Seuil |
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Gallimard, 1997. |
FCF-GDV |
Du gouvernement des vivants: Cours au Collège de France, 1979–1980. |
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Paris: Seuil Gallimard, 2012. |
FCF-LSV |
Leçons sur la volonté de savoir: Cours au Collège de France, 1970–1971. |
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Suivi de Le savoir d’Œipe. Paris: Hautes Études Gallimard Seuil, 2011. |
FCF-NBIO |
Naissance de la biopolitique: Cours au Collège de France, 1978–1979. |
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Paris: Seuil Gallimard, 2004. |
FDE1 |
Dits et écrits, I: 1954–1969. Paris: NRF Gallimard, 1994. |
FDE1a |
Dits et écrits, I: 1954–1975. Paris: Quarto Gallimard, 2001. |
FDE2 |
Dits et écrits, II: 1970–1976. Paris: NRF Gallimard, 1994. |
FDE2a |
Dits et écrits, II: 1976–1988. Paris: Quarto Gallimard, 2001. |
FDE3 |
Dits et écrits, III: 1976–1979. Paris: NRF Gallimard, 1994. |
FDE4 |
Dits et écrits, IV: 1980–1988. Paris: NRF Gallimard, 1994. |
FDF |
Michel Foucault and A. Farge, Le Désordre des familles: Lettres |
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de cachet des archives de la Bastille. Paris : Gallimard-Julliard, coll. |
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Archives, 1982. |
FGS |
Michel Foucault, “Le Gai Savoir,” in Jean Le Bitoux, Entretiens sur |
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la Question Gay (Paris: Editeur H&O, 2005), pp. 45–72. Reprinted as |
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“Gay Science,” trans. Nicolae Morar and Daniel W. Smith, Critical |
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Inquiry 37 (2011): 385–403. |
FHF |
Histoire de la folie à l’âge classique. Paris: Tel Gallimard, 1972. |
FHS1 |
Histoire de la sexualité 1: la volonté de savoir. Paris: Tel Gallimard, 1976. |
FHS2 |
Histoire de la sexualité 2: l’usage des plaisirs. Paris: Tel Gallimard, 1984. |
FHS3 |
Histoire de la sexualité 3: le souci de soi. Paris: Tel Gallimard, 1984. |
FKF |
Kant, Anthropologie du point de vue pragmatique & Foucault, |
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Introduction à l’Anthropologie. Paris: Vrin, 2009. |
FMC |
Les mots et les choses. Paris: Tel Gallimard, 1966. |
FMFE |
Michel Foucault, entretiens, ed. Roger-Pol Droit. Paris: Odile |
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Jacob, 2004. |
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xiv / List of Abbreviations |
FMMP |
Maladie mentale et psychologie. Paris: Presses Universitaires de |
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France, 1962. |
FNC |
Naissance de la Clinique. Paris: Quadrige Presses Universitaires de |
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France, 1963. |
FNGH |
“Nietzsche, la généalogie, l’histoire,” in Hommage à Jean Hyppolite. |
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Paris: Presses Universtaire de France, 1971, pp. 145–172. |
FOD |
L’ordre du discours. Paris: NRF Gallimard, 1971. |
FQC |
M. Foucault, “Qu’est-ce que la critique? (Critique et Aufklärung),” |
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Bulletin de la Société française de philosophie 84, no. 2 (1990): 35–63. |
FSP |
Surveiller et punir. Paris: Tel Gallimard, 1975. |
INTRODUCTION
The Cambridge Foucault Lexicon is intended to be an important research tool for scholars working in Foucault studies and more generally in twentieth-century French and European thought. The volume consists of one hundred seventeen entries, written by the world’s leading scholars in Foucault’s thought. The entries range from the most central and well-known concepts in Foucault’s thinking – such as archaeology, ethics, genealogy, history, knowledge, language, madness, philosophy, power, subjectiication, and truth – to more obscure themes and notions such as actuality, Christianity, death, double, hermeneutics, homosexuality, love, medicine, multiplicity, painting, plague, race, and war. The volume also includes entries on key igures in Foucault’s thinking or key igures for the development of his thinking, igures as obvious as Georges Canguilhem, Gilles Deleuze, Friedrich Nietzsche, Jürgen Habermas, Martin Heidegger, and Immanuel Kant, and as obscure as Xavier Bichat, Ludwig Binswanger, Henri de Boulainvilliers, Raymond Roussel, and William Shakespeare. Each entry attempts to present the notion, idea, or theme in question in a way that is lucid, coherent, comprehensive, and thoroughly researched. Similarly, the entries on igures attempt to present, with utmost precision, the relation of inluence (direct or indirect) or relation of appropriation between the igure and Foucault. Within each entry, the reader will ind the deinitions, structures, and descriptions documented on the basis of Foucault’s works (by means of a list of abbreviations found at the front of this volume). By examining the references, the reader will be able to determine precisely which Foucault text is most relevant for the term under consideration and thereby, if he or she desires, be able to read Foucault’s own words themselves. For instance, in the entry on “Power,” the reader will see several references to a 1982 work called “Subjects and Power” (found both in EEW3, 326–348, and in EAIF, 208–228), and in “Immanuel Kant” the reader will see several references to Foucault’s 1961 Introduction to Kant’s Anthropology (EIKA) and to his 1984 essay “What Is Enlightenment?” (EEW2, 303–320). Out of the
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XVI / INTRODUCTION
shorter texts, “Subjects and Power” and “What Is Enlightenment?” are essential starting points for understanding Foucault’s thinking. Although we do not intend that The Cambridge Foucault Lexicon be read from cover to cover (the entries are in alphabetical order, irst for the terms, then for the proper names), we have provided two ways of reading across the volume. On the one hand, at the end of each entry, the reader will ind a list of terms (under the category of “See Also”) that intersect with the term under consideration. On the other hand, at the end of the volume, the reader will ind an index (of terms and names) that aims to be comprehensive and even exhaustive. (We would like to take this opportunity to thank Joseph Barker, doctoral student in philosophy at Penn State University, for compiling this excellent index.) We would also like to thank Jennifer Wagner-Lawlor who assisted us in the inal proofreading of the entire volume. Through these two systems of crossreference, the reader will be able to construct something like a comprehensive narrative of Foucault’s thinking. Finally, at the end, the reader will ind “Secondary Works Cited,” whose explicit purpose is obvious but that also functions as a sort of Foucault bibliography. For our readers who are not very familiar with Foucault’s life, we have also appended a “Chronology of Foucault’s Life.”
Overall, we hope you will see this volume as a sort of event in Foucault scholarship, and indeed, as Foucault would have wanted it, an event in thinking in general.
Leonard Lawlor
John Nale
I
TERMS
1
ABNORMAL
The concept of the “abnormal” emerges within (and contributes to the construction of) Foucault’s understanding of normalization – a key technique that constitutes and bridges two general forms of modern power: disciplinary
power and biopower. The abnormal is the “other” that deines the “normal”; it is the object that gives rise to criminal psychiatry (as an attempt to treat, or at least explain, abnormality), and it also becomes a linchpin of modern racism. This presentation shall work from the general to the speciic, starting from an identiication of the forms of modern power in which the concept of the abnormal functions, through the particular techniques of normalization, to the details of how the abnormal has functioned within these contexts and its signiicance.
In marking a distinction between modern disciplinary power and biopower on the one hand and sovereign power on the other, Foucault states that although it does not disappear with the rise of modernity, sovereign power does cease to be the predominant form that power takes. The deining characteristic of sovereign power is the “right to take life and let live” (ECF-SMD, 241). This right is graphically illustrated in the opening pages of Discipline and Punish through a description of Robert-François Damiens’s execution, in which the king’s power is violently and publicly exhibited on Damiens’s tortured body. In contradistinction to sovereign power, possessed and wielded over others by an individual, modern power is characterized by relations in which actions affect other actions, and in which all parties have the capacity to act. “[W]hat deines a relationship of power,” Foucault states, “is that it is a mode of action which ... acts upon ... actions” (EEW3, 340). Moreover, he contends that within power relations, ‘“the other ... is recognized and maintained to the very end as a subject who acts”’ (ibid.). Disciplinary power operates by way of techniques that train individual bodies to become eficient at a limited range of activities, and is primarily a mechanism of institutions (schools, prisons, workplaces). Biopower operates by way of techniques that manage populations (speciically at the
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