jost_j_t_kay_a_c_thorisdottir_n_social_and_psychological_bas

Personality and political orientation (continued)

See also Big Five personality dimensions; Ideological orientation; Regional differences in personality; Regional differences in political orientation; Right-wing authoritarianism (RWA);

Social dominance orientation (SDO)

Planet Durkheim, 17, 371, 372, 376, 397 Political conservatism

association with high need for closure, 269, 276–80, 281–84, 285–87

association with political expertise, 271–72, 276, 285

beliefs and moral values, 384–85, 393–96, 395t, 411, 481–82

conservative and liberal disagreements, 395t

conservative ideological shifts in response to threat, 222–25, 482

Core Predispositions Study, 273 n. 1, 274–75, 280–87, 282t, 284t

definitions, 9, 411 n. 2, 503 ideological differences between

liberals and conservatives, overview, 395t, 481–83

justification of the status quo, 118 libertarians, 128, 145, 148, 384,

411 n. 2

Nazism, 39, 141 n. 8, 227, 416 need to manage uncertainty and

threat, 6–7, 482

perceptions of social decline, 404, 405 n. 1, 411–15

personality characteristics, 10–11 relationship to system justification,

9–10, 143–44, 358–59

resistance to change, 481–82, 496, 497 tolerance for inequality, 481, 482,

496–97

UCLA Student Survey, 273–74, 275–80, 277t, 278f, 278 n. 2

view of conservatism as comforting, 222–23, 225

See also Ideological orientation; Intergroup attitudes

Political elites

construction of political ideologies, 268, 270–71, 285, 287

role of elite political discourse, 270–72, 285–87

Political expertise association with political

conservatism, 271–72, 276, 285 Core Predispositions Study, 273 n. 1,

274–75, 280–87, 282t, 284t effects on ideological orientation,

271–72, 276–80, 277t, 280t, 285–87 and epistemic motivation, 271–72 interaction with need for closure,

276–80, 277t, 280t, 285

limited diffusion of ideology to mass public, 271

UCLA Student Survey, 273–74, 275–80, 277t, 278f, 278 n. 2 Political icons and symbols, 56–57

See also American flag Political liberalism

ambiguities and uncertainties, 233 association with equality, 134, 384 association with openness, 321 beliefs and moral values, 384–85,

395t

conflicted stance of implicit and explicit attitudes, 497, 501, 503

conservative and liberal disagreements, 395t

definition, 503

ideological differences between liberals and conservatives, overview, 395t, 481–83

importance of human rights, 384 importance of tolerance, 230

liberal ideological shifts in response to threat, 222–24

liberals as social change agents, 496–97, 504

response to mortality salience, 230 See also Ideological orientation

Political news media. See News exposure

Political orientation. See Ideological orientation

Post-decision dissonance, 92–93, 97 Prejudices. See Stereotypes and

prejudices Presentism, 464–65 Primacy effects, 87–88, 98

Problems in U.S. schools, 1940 and 1980 lists, 402–4

Procedural justice

effect of political orientation and procedural justice on decision acceptance, 363–64, 364t, 365f

effect of political orientation and procedural justice on satisfaction with authority, 359, 361–62, 362t, 363f, 364–66

motivated distortion of procedural fairness information, 355–56, 357–58, 366–68

motivational influences on perceptions of procedural justice, 354–56, 366–68

motivation to justify the status quo, 357–58, 366–68

research design and predictions, 358–61

similarities in perception and interpretation, 353–54

as source of legitimizing information, 352–53, 367–68

uncertainty management, 352, 354 See also Legitimacy

Project Implicit, 18, 483, 486, 500 Prospect theory, 135, 135 n. 4 Protective paternalism, definition, 446 Protestants

acceptance of social inequality, 36 belief in a just world, 36 definition, 27 n. 1

earthly reward and punishment, 34–36

emphasis on personal relationship with God, 33–34, 37

perceptions of social decline by fundamentalist Protestants, 413

Protestant ethic and capitalism, 30–31, 35–36, 41

See also Puritan–Protestant influence in America; Religious beliefs

Psychodynamics, 126, 293 Psychological advantage for the status

quo

accessibility of status quo features, 86–87

anchoring effects, 88, 88 n. 2, 98 assimilation, 87 n. 1 automaticity and the status quo,

97–99

biased perception of reformers, 94–95

blocking, 90–91

cognitive processing advantages, 86–91

cognitive reference points, 89, 98 counterfactual thinking, 91

definitions and overview, 85–86 evaluative advantages, 92–97 feature positive effect, 89–90 likelihood linkage to positive value,

96, 96f, 161 loss aversion, 94

mere existence effect, 95

mere exposure effect, 92, 97, 98 nonoccurrence of other alternatives,

89 overshadowing, 90 overview, 14, 99–100

post-decision dissonance effect, 92–93, 97

primacy effects, 87–88, 98 rationalization, 95, 97 regret avoidance, 94, 96 research studies, 95–97, 99 risk aversion, 96, 97

role of stereotypes, 90 status quo bias, 93–94

support by nationalist ideologies, 72 support by news media, 72

See also Justification of the status quo Puritan–Protestant influence in America

ambivalence in contemporary Americans, 45–46

consumption of goods, 43, 45 development of capitalism, 30–31, 41 effects outside of New England,

44 n. 3

ethic of individual merit, 28, 32–34, 37, 46–47

implicit Puritanism, 14, 28, 40–45, 47 link between work and divine

salvation, 41–42

link between work morality and sexual morality, 42–45

overview, 27–28, 46–47 Puritan–Protestant (Puritan),

definition, 27 n. 1

unique cultural heritage of America, 30–32

See also Protestants

Rationalization

social dominance orientation and rationalization of inequality, 16

and the status quo, 95, 97 subterranean-motivational theories,

126–28, 142, 151–52

Rawlsian theories of justice, 127, 130 n. 1, 133–34, 136, 139

Regional differences in personality conscientiousness, 317 differences in self-concept, 317 environmental influence effects,

318–19 extraversion, 317

immigration and personality differences, 317–18

links between personality and political orientation, 319–21, 319f

national character research, 317 overview, 316–20, 341–42

research design and overview, 323–29 research results, Democratic candi-

dates, 330–33, 331t–332t

research results, general discussion, 338–41

research results, Republican candidates, 333–36, 334t–335t

research results, third-party candidates, 336–38, 337t social influence effects, 318

state-level personality model, 324, 330–31, 333–34, 336

Regional differences in political orientation

agreeableness, 322–23, 339 conscientiousness, 324, 331, 333,

338–39

ethnic diversity effects on voting patterns, 315–16

extraversion, 322–23, 331, 334, 339 individualistic subculture, 315 links between personality and

political orientation, 319–21, 319f moralistic subculture, 315 neuroticism, 322, 323, 331, 334, 336 openness, 323–24, 329–30, 333, 336,

338–39

overview, 314–16, 341–42

political model, 325, 325 n. 1, 332–33, 335

research design and overview, 323–29 research results, Democratic

candidates, 330–33, 331t–332t research results, general discussion,

338–41

research results, Republican candidates, 333–36, 334t–335t

research results, third-party candidates, 336–38, 337t

self-selection and clustering, 314, 318

sociodemographic model, 324–25, 331–32, 335, 336–38

state-level personality model, 324, 330–31, 333–34, 336

traditionalistic subculture, 315 Regional differences in voting patterns

agreeableness, 322–23, 339 background and overview, 314–15,

341–42

bottom-up approaches to ideology, 6 conscientiousness, 324, 331, 333,

338–39

ethnic diversity effects on voting patterns, 315–16

extraversion, 322–23, 331, 334, 339 neuroticism, 322, 323, 331, 334, 336 openness, 323–24, 329–30, 333, 336,

338–39

political model, 325, 325 n. 1, 332–33, 335

research design and overview, 323–29

research results, Democratic candidates, 330–33, 331t–332t

research results, general discussion, 338–41

research results, Republican candidates, 333–36, 334t–335t

research results, third-party candidates, 336–38, 337t

sociodemographic model, 324–25, 331–32, 335, 336–38

state-level personality model, 324, 330–31, 333–34, 336

Regret avoidance, 94, 96 Religious beliefs

and afterlife belief, experimental research, 248–49, 251–52, 254–57, 255t

basis in faith, 241–42 ethic of divinity, 380

and fear of death, research, 245–49, 247 n. 1, 254–57

fear of death and belief in God, 255–56, 255t, 257, 258–59

fear of death as motivation, 242–45, 244f

importance in America, 28, 31–32, 241 need to believe in a safe, predictable,

and fair social world, 162–63 overview and history, 241–42 religious doctrine and justification

of the status quo, 119

sacredness, 378–79, 380

See also Afterlife belief; Protestants Reparations. See Responses to historical

injustices

Research studies, 95–97, 99 Responses to historical injustices

Aboriginals in Canada, 463, 467, 468, 469

African Americans, 468, 470 apologies by governments, 474–76,

474–77

arguments for reparations, 468, 469 Chinese Canadians, 468, 472–73,

474–75

Chinese Exclusion Act, 472, 473 Germany’s provision of reparations,

471

Head Tax, 472–73, 474–75 Holocaust, 468

ingroup bias, 465–66, 468–69 Japanese Americans, 476 Japanese Canadians, 473, 475–76

Japan’s unwillingness to apologize for war crimes, 471

justice motivation, 466, 469–70, 471–72, 474–77

majority and victimized minority response to reparations, 471–73, 477

majority sympathy for victims, 469–71

overview, 18, 463–64, 476–77 presentism, 464–65

redressing government-sponsored injustices, 468–71

Sexual Sterilization Act, 476

social identity motives, 465–66, 469, 473, 474–75, 476–77

suppression and alteration of historical events, 464–65

system justifying errors in memory transmission, 467–68

Whig historians and distortions of history, 464, 465

Right-wing authoritarianism (RWA) authoritarian personality dimension,

293–94, 316

Big Five personality dimensions, 298, 300, 301t

dangerous world beliefs, 297, 298, 301–3, 309, 412

early research on two dimensions of ideological attitudes, 296, 297t

effects on socio-political behavior, 303–8

endorsement of ingroup norms and values (traditionalism), 16, 304, 307, 308

legitimizing myths, 299f, 306–8 motives and values, 297–99, 298 new research on psychological bases

of RWA and SDO, 300–303 overview, 294–95

perceptions of moral decline, 412, 413–14, 415

personality traits, 298

research on different bases of RWA and SDO, 296–98

RWA and SDO as independent dimensions, 294–98

See also Dual process model of ideological attitudes; Social dominance orientation (SDO)

Risk aversion and the status quo, 96 RWA. See Right-wing authoritarianism

(RWA)

Sacredness, 378–79, 380

SDO. See Social dominance orientation (SDO)

Self-direction values, 450 Self-esteem

in anxiety-buffering system, 213, 214–15, 245

and attachment relationships, 213 characteristics, 213 ingroup–outgroup stereotyping, 127 link to mortal salience, 214–15,

232–33, 245, 249

living up to standards of value, 211, 213

as source of value, order, and symbolic immortality, 245

support for charismatic leaders, 232 system-justification theory, 215–16

Sexism. See Ambivalent sexism; Benevolent sexism (BS); Gender bias; Hostile

sexism (HS)

Sex roll spillover, 456–57 Sexual Sterilization Act, 476

SJT. See System-justification theory (SJT)

Smoking bans, 175

Social cognitive approach to ideology, 56–57, 70, 230, 482–83

Social dominance orientation (SDO) acceptance and justification of hierarchy (rationalization of

inequality), 16

Big Five personality dimensions, 300, 301t

competitive world beliefs, 297–98, 301–3, 309

early research on two dimensions of ideological attitudes, 296, 297t

effects on socio-political behavior, 303–8

legitimizing myths, 299f, 306–8 motives and values, 297, 299

new research on psychological bases of RWA and SDO, 300–303

overview, 295

personality traits, 298, 299 research on different bases of RWA

and SDO, 296–98

RWA and SDO as independent dimensions, 294–98

See also Dual process model of ideological attitudes; Right-wing authoritarianism (RWA)

Social-dominance theory, 126 Social identity theory

intergroup attitudes, 488, 490–91 responses to historical injustices,

126–27, 232, 465, 488

Social intuitionist model of moral judgment, 29, 390

Social-role theory, 454

Sociology, unit ideas. See Unit-ideas of sociology

Status construction theory, 428 Status quo, definitions and overview,

85–86

See also Justification of the status quo; Psychological advantage for the status quo

Stereotypes and prejudices activation by perceived injustice,

56, 72

automatic associations and implicit biases, 30, 42, 47

causes of prejudice or outgroup negativity, 304, 305–6

complementary stereotyping, 15, 56, 171, 439

dissociation of implicit and intentional attitudes, 57, 71

ideals of women, 171, 357

implicit racial stereotyping, 30, 36, 42 ingroup–outgroup stereotyping, 127 interaction of sex bias with belief in a

just world, 113–16, 115f moderating effect of ambiguity on

perception, 113–17, 115f

moral stereotype inaccuracy across the political spectrum, 387–90, 388f

negative stereotypes of the obese, 36, 170

perceptions of discrimination and belief in a just world, 112–17, 120

status quo maintenance and promotion, 90

unintentional learning, 57 working mothers, 455–56 See also Ambivalent sexism;

Benevolent sexism (BS); Hostile sexism (HS)

Subterranean-motivational theories of public policy reasoning, 15, 126–28, 142, 151–52

See also System-justification theory (SJT)

Suicide, altruistic, 376 n. 2

Suicide rates and social integration, 375

System-justification motive compensatory control model, 163–64 consequences for interpersonal and

intergroup perception, 169–73 consequences for maintenance of the

status quo, 164–65 context dependence of

system-justification tendencies, 160–64, 173–74, 356–57

decreased support for social change, 165, 167, 168

escapability, 162, 166, 170

and gender inequality, 165–66, 169, 170–71

improvement upon the status quo, 175

individual and system variability, 356–57

morality and the origins of system-justifying motive, 392–93

motivated distortion of system information, 355–56

overview, 15, 158–60, 168–69, 173–75 personal control, 162, 163–64, 168 procedural justice and motivation to

justify the status quo, 357–58

subjectivity of interpretation of ideologies, 219

system dependence, 162–64, 167–68 system inevitability, 161–62, 166–67,

170, 175

system threat, 160–61, 168, 170–73 viewing what “is” as what “ought to

be,” 165–69, 356

See also Justification of the status quo System-justification theory (SJT)

complementary stereotyping, 15, 171 contents of worldviews and systems,

220–21

defense of inequality, 143–51 effects of trade on national

sovereignty, 145–46, 149–51 false consciousness, 355

focus and theoretical foundations compared to terror management theory, 216–18

focus on external social system, 218–19

group status effect on belief in individual mobility, 107, 117

ideological shifts in response to threat, 226–29

intergenerational mobility, 143–45, 147–49

mediators and system-justifying beliefs, 118–20

moderating effects of ambiguity on beliefs, 112–17, 120

moderators and system-justifying beliefs, 116–18

moral foundations perspective on system justification, 390–97

morality and the origins of system justifying motive, 392–93

overview, 8–9, 126, 158–60, 211–12, 215–16

palliative function for evaluations of legitimacy, 367

perspectives on ideology compared to terror management theory, 212 reaction to the 9/11 terrorist attacks,

212

relationship to political conservatism, 9–10, 143–44, 358–59

research traditions, 11–12, 173–74 social psychological principles, 185 as subterranean-motivational theory,

15, 126–28, 142

support for political leaders, 171–72

system critics and international trade scenarios, 149–51

system critics and social inequality, 146–49

testing in hypothetical-societies paradigm, 12, 139–43, 140–41 nn. 6–9, 151–52

underdefined “system” in SJT, 135 n. 4, 150–51, 150 n. 10

victim-derogation and victim blame, 15, 169–71, 356

See also Justification of the status quo; Subterranean-motivational theories of public policy reasoning

System-justifying beliefs (SJBs) ambivalent sexism, 449, 452,

457–58

definition and examples, 431–32 differences in perceived group

entitlement, 433

differences in personal entitlement, 433–34

mediators and system-justifying beliefs, 118–20

meritocratic beliefs, 435, 439 moderators and system-justifying

beliefs, 116–18

reasons for endorsement, 432–33 salience of SJBs and personal

entitlement, 434–37

See also Belief in a just world (BJW)

Terrorism and responses ideological shifts following 9/11

attacks, 222–23, 224, 233, 234 increased American flag presence

since terrorist attacks of September 2001, 60

moral absolutism and policy of not negotiating with terrorists, 39 perceived threat by U.S. citizens, 412

Terror management theory (TMT) accommodation, 220

afterlife belief and fear of death, 245, 249, 258–59

anxiety-buffering system, 213–14, 220, 223, 227, 230, 245

appeal of simplicity and structure, 225–26, 235

attachment relationships, 213–14, 217, 218, 230

charismatic leaders, 224–25, 232

Terror management theory (continued) effects of accessibility of beliefs,

values, and external influences, 230–31

focus and theoretical foundations compared to system-justification theory, 216–18

ideological shifts in response to threat, 222–25, 233, 234

increased support for the status quo, 168

inevitability of death, 161, 211, 212 mortality salience and worldview

defense, 65, 192–96 overview, 15, 211, 212–15, 235

perspectives on ideology compared to system-justification theory, 212

relationship to uncertainty management, 192–96

research on mortality salience and worldviews, 65, 192–96, 214–15, 230–31

shared illusions, 212–13

See also Self-esteem; Worldviews Theories of justice

compromise theory, 133, 135 distributive–redistributive

distinctions, 130, 132, 134–35, 139–40, 141 n. 8

egalitarian theories, 133, 138–39, 144–45, 147–48

maximin principle, 133–34, 136 prospect theory, 135, 135 n. 4 Rawlsian theories, 127, 130 n. 1,

133–34, 136, 139

study of justice judgment as unique processes, 201–2

utilitarian theories, 133–34, 135 Thought experiments, 128–32, 131 n. 2

See also Hypothetical-society paradigm

TMT. See Terror management theory (TMT)

Top-down approaches to ideology, 5 Transparent-motivational theories of public policy reasoning, 127,

139, 142, 151–52

Uncertainty management assumptions of uncertainty

management models, 186–88 cognitive–experiential processes,

196–98

conservative need to manage uncertainty and threat, 6–7, 482

epistemic motivation, 188 human alarm system, 198–201

and perceived fairness, 190, 198–201, 354

personal uncertainty, definitions and characteristics, 186–87

personal uncertainty and defense of personal worldview, 188–92, 194–96, 211

personal uncertainty and negative statements about religion, 191 procedural fairness judgments, 352,

354

and reaction to homeless persons, 190–91

relationship to terror management theory, 192–96

social psychological principles, overview, 15, 185

uncertainty avoidance, 191 Unidimensional approach to psychology

and ideology, 292–94

United States flag. See American flag Unit-ideas of sociology

alienation, 374 n. 1 overview, 374, 380 sacredness, 378–79 status, 374 n. 1

See also Authority; Community relationships

Value-pluralist model, 128, 138–39, 142, 144, 148–50

Veil of ignorance, 130 n. 1

Vignette studies, 63, 69, 132–33 n. 3, 434 Voting patterns. See Regional differences

in voting patterns

Women’s suffrage movement, 444–45, 457

World Values Survey, 28, 34, 37–38, 47 Worldviews

accessibility of worldview elements, 230–31

and attachment relationships, 213–14

characteristics, 213

competitive world beliefs of social dominance orientation, 297–98, 301–3, 309

consistency, 221, 232

contents as sources of security, 15, 231–35

contents of worldviews, 220–21, 229, 231–35

cultural worldview, definition, 218

dangerous world beliefs of right-wing authoritarianism, 297, 298, 301–3, 309, 412

as defense against existential anxiety, 211

discomfort caused by alternative worldviews, 214

external cultural systems vs. internalized worldviews, 218–20

individual cultural worldview, definition, 220–21

individual worldview creation, 218, 219

literal or symbolic immortality, 212–13, 232–33

mortality salience and worldview defense, 65, 192–96

and perceived fairness, 189, 190 personal uncertainty and defense

of personal worldview, 188–92, 194–96, 211

research on mortality salience and worldviews, 65, 192–96, 214–15, 230–31

self-definition, 232

as shared illusions, 212–13

as source of security and comfort, 15, 221–26, 225–26, 229–35

structure, 225–26, 232–33, 235