- •The object
- •Ways of expressing the object
- •§ 68. The object can be expressed by:
- •Types of object
- •§ 69. From the point of view of their value and grammatical peculiarities, four types of objects can be distinguished in English:
- •§ 70. The direct object is used irrespective of the absence or presence of other objects attached to the same verb.
- •§ 71. The most usual position of the direct object is that immediately after the predicate verb it refers to.
- •§ 72. The direct object comes before the predicate verb it refers to in the following cases:
- •§ 74. The indirect recipient object is generally used together with the direct object and precedes it (see the examples above).
- •§ 75. As to their form and position the following cases must be distinguished:
- •§ 76. Sometimes the indirect recipient object may be placed before the predicate verb. This occurs in the following cases:
- •§ 79. There is another use of it as о formal object: it can be attached to transitive or intransitive verbs to convey a very vague idea of some kind of an object.
- •§ 80. The verbs that most frequently take a cognate object are:
- •Objects to adjectives
- •Objects to statives
- •Objects to adverbs
- •§ 83. There are some adverbs which can take objects, but these can only be indirect non-recipient objects.
§ 79. There is another use of it as о formal object: it can be attached to transitive or intransitive verbs to convey a very vague idea of some kind of an object.
I was angry. I made him take the present away. An hour later he returned and we made it up.
We therefore decided that we would sleep out on fine nights, and hotel it, and inn it, and pub it, when it
was wet.
The cognate object
§ 80. The verbs that most frequently take a cognate object are:
to live (a life), to smile (a smile), to laugh (a laugh), to die (a death), to sigh (a sigh), to sleep (a sleep), to
dream (a dream), to run (a race), to fight (a, fight,, a battle).
He died the death of a hero.
Here she stopped and sighed a heavy sigh.
One must live one's own life, you know.
The cognate object is always used with words modifying it, never alone:
the death of a hero, a heavy sigh, one’s own life, etc.
to die the death of a hero = to die like a hero;
to sigh a heavy sigh = to sigh heavily, etc.
Semantically cognate objects characterize the action expressed by the predicate-verb. Nevertheless they are considered to be objects, not adverbial modifiers, because:
a) they are expressed by nouns without prepositions, which is not characteristic of adverbials;
b) they may occur in the position of the subject of a passive construction.
He never doubted that life should be lived as he lived.
Objects to adjectives
§ 81. There are quite a number of adjectives that can take an object, although not quite in the same way as verbs do. In the sentence these adjectives are mainly used as predicatives. The objects they take are of two kinds:
1. Direct objects expressed only by infinitives or infinitive phrases. No noun or pronoun is ever possible in this position.
Mack was very glad to get home.
Mary was happy to have met us.
II. Indirect non-recipient objects governed by various prepositions. These objects are usually expressed by a noun or pronoun, sometimes by a gerund, a gerundial phrase or complex, or by a clause, depending on the combinability of the adjective.
Now she was ready for anything.
I was surprised at her being so shy.
She was only half conscious of what was going on.
As can be seen from the above examples, structurally objects to adjectives may be of the same types as objects to verbs, that is, simple, phrasal, complex, or clausal.
Objects to statives
§ 82. The statives that can take objects are few in number. The most frequent of them are: afraid, aware, alive, ashamed, ahead, akin. Their objects may be direct infinitive or clausal objects, or an indirect non-recipient object. The latter may be expressed by a noun (pronoun), a gerund, a gerundial phrase or predicative complex, or a clause.
She had never been afraid to experiment.
I think he was afraid I shouldn’t remember him.
I was afraid of you, my pretty.
I was not aware of your being a scoundrel.
He was fully aware of what he was doing.