1.Business travellers problems 2.Business travellers prioriries and effects of air-rage 4.What is culture.Culture-creating factors. 5.Doing business across cultures. Cultures awareness. 6.Charasteristics of branded goods.Brand strategy options. 7.Outsourcing production.It's impact on quality. 8.Advertising media and methods.Advantages and disadvantages.- 9.Successful advertising campaign.(Nike) 10.Planning advertising campaign. 11.The concept of leadership . Are leaders born or made? 12.Leadership styles. 13.The founder of IKEA as an example of leader. 14.Different stages in a new product launch. 15.Innovations as Procter and Gambles.

1.Business traveller's problems

With the current state of the global economy, leisure travel has taken quite a significant hit. However, business travel is still booming.

So, let me discuss the most common difficulties that businessmen have to cope with.

Nothing is more frustrating for travelers than going to the airport only to find out their flight is cancelled. It could be either due to weather changes in the destination or some other problems. To avoid this, make sure you call your travel agent to confirm your flight, before going to airport. If the flight gets cancelled while at airport, be sure to inform your business partners, family etc. of the situation immediately.

Rules and regulations of different airlines can sometimes be a real pain. Especially when you are switching from one airline to another or from one country to the other. Some rules can often send you into a loop, such as being denied to take your fancy bottle of water. Before you leave, check airline rules and Google for common problems of your airline. You don’t have to read the legal stuff for every airline and airport through. Just a few minutes of preparation will save you lots of headaches.

When you travel, there is nothing worse than boarding a 10-hour flight only to find that you are sitting near a toddler that cry or scream continuously.  According to the USA Today Travel, an article said that 74% business class passengers get annoyed with children on flights and that airlines should provide children-free flights. Most of these passengers who prefer the “adults only” area in flights are business class travelers.

Business travelers may encounter all kinds of unexpected problems while on the road. We often hear about travelers losing their electronic equipment, having power/battery issues, having difficulty finding a working and available outlet in the airport, and finding reliable Wi-Fi source. If that static electricity happens to zap your device, your hard drive, or even those little SD memory cards for your computer or camera, it can easily make them unreadable. Keep those little SD and memory cards in their cases, not your pocket!

Sometimes, businessmen are not getting the service they need because you asked the ticket agent / air hostess / flight attendant, "Do you know who I am?" These are words that no airline personnel like to hear. They don't really care who you are but are only interested whether you have a valid ticket or not. But you said those words to them, and are now receiving an extremely cold shoulder. Please leave your 'self-importance' behind and try to deal with flight personnel with kindness and respect.

Another problematic question is why the world's most luxurious hotels insist on charging their guests extra for Wi-Fi. It can't be to build customer loyalty; people loathe it

Sleep is often an underestimated aspect of health. Being sleep-deprived can have serious consequences on your mental and physical health. One of the times sleep is unavoidably affected is when you are traveling. 

As we can see, despite the travel sphere has been developed a lot, it still has heaps of problematic issues, which often frustrate business travelers all around the world .

2. Causes and effects of air rage

Despite travelling by air is considered to be one of the most comfortable way to travel, it can in fact be a nightmare from start to finish.

Imagine firstly, when you come to the airport you can detect the parking lot to be overflowed. Cancellations and delays can also irritate you because of wasting your time. If it is all right with your flight, another problem may turn up. In most crowded terminals passengers are to stay in queue at check-in. When you are finally on board, you can become frustrated because of not enough leg room.

So, the difference between expected comfort and reality is the reason of air rage. The psychology of air rage is a new area of study. Most researchers blame alcohol, but the majority of people think that airlines are at fault. To cut costs they do not improve technologies, but reduce cabin crew, free space on board and quality of service, all of which increase passenger dissatisfaction.

Poor quality of processed and packaged food can also be harmful for passengers, as well as bad air conditioning and little free space. However, some airlines are cramming passengers into aircraft. There were cases when customers were even cooped up in the aircraft on the tarmac for a few hours, without food, drink and information. Of course, all this cause strong passenger’s jet lag (tiredness) that can even come to aggression – in some cases people start behaving disruptive. Even one frustrated person could be dangerous for all passengers and crew, what about all customers on board? Fortunately, mass unrest is less common then individual misbehavior.

Cabin crews, who are in first line of the battle against dangerous in-flight behavior, call for legislation to offenders. Nevertheless, airlines try to come to compromise and to hear passenger’s complaints – some companies have announced removing seats to make more room for their customers.

4/What is culture? culture-creating factors

It may seem that the word “culture” contains everything a man can imagine. Culture is religion and architect and arts and social customs and traditions and cuisine and climate and ideas and beliefs and historical events and language. And of course, a culture’s institution is ceremonies and festivals. Truly, culture is life and is as various as life itself is. All the components of culture listed above are culture-creating factors indeed, because they influence the becoming of habits of these or that peoples.

It is essential to focus on business culture. We live in the era of global business, so it is necessary to have cultural awareness, to be flexible and to possess a set of skills of adaptive behaviour. Doing business you’ll build relationships with people and in order to negotiate any contracts, for instance, you’ll have to show your partner a high level of your skills of business communication. You’ll have to converse, to listen, to participate, to observe, to use communication skills and techniques, to be tactful, to accept interruption, not to interrupt, not to offend, to manage your emotions, to give proper gifts, to understand others people intentions, to compromise, to socialize with contacts, to shake hands to exchange business cards, to use first names to conduct meetings, to take part in negotiations, to invite out in a restaurant and to accept an invitation, to go on assignment and to almost every day deal with non-standard situations. The only thing you will always deal with is communication. Lively communication, communication on the phone, over the Internet etc are the most important aspects of business culture communication.

Having got into a foreign country, you’re most likely to face some difficulties, but you shouldn’t be afraid of them. In the very first days you’ll experience cultural shock and feel uncomfortable in unfamiliar situations. You will have to face with unexpected cultural issues, to comprehend the features of new culture and social environment, to study business etiquette of new country. Having got on like a house on fire with your colleagues or subordinates, you’ll break the ice, and you’ll be able to ask for advice without hesitation. In rder to avoid making so-called cultural mistakes you need to be aware of descriptions of cultural differences concerning such aspects of cultural interaction as conversation, hospitality and gift-giving. Inviting your business partners out to restaurant you can offer to pay for them, however, don’t insist on that if they want to pay themselves. Try not to be silent, don’t be the first to end a conversation, offer topics for discussion, take an interest on your partner’s opinion, propose a toast to success of your business. And vise versa greet your visitors with hospitality and generosity.

Anyway it is very important to pay more attention not only to culture of your country but to foreign culture. The level of your cultural education is the main characteristic of your personality.

5.Doing business across cultures. Cultural awareness.

Big national companies after achieving their goals in a country of origin usually may start stretching their production to other regions. But it is not enough for corporations to hire new employees and buy new equipment they have to deal with cultures, with this social aspects, which all businessmen should every time take into account.

Cultural awareness is knowledge of traditions, customs, religion, special language features, cultural preferences, system of values and so on. Usually when creating a draft programme, companies learn an economical, political and cultural situation of a host country. Such information helps to role the business much effectively.

For example it is obvious that company policy in China will differ from the policy in the United Kingdom, even if it is the same international company. There may be a lot of differences such as business etiquette, greeting, giftgiving, criticizing, difference in hierarchy system and others. Making something common in your country may give offence to locals in a host one. Marketing has some accidents when model of car producing company did not have any demand despite its high quality, well-known car brand and reasonable price. That was because of the models name: in some countries the model’s name was translated to quite rude and offensive word and prospective customers did not want to purchase the car with such name. So, the whole producing failed because of lack of cultural awareness.

Nowadays there are some services like Cultural Awareness International (CAI) which provides cross-cultural training and relocation services for global corporations.  CAI  equip companies and their employees with the tools they need to excel globally or be successful in the particular country. CAI give knowledge how to deal with unfamiliar language, how to make new business protocol or make a good transition system.

About transition: multinational companies spend their employees to other countries as professionals and good workers. And it can be a real cultural shock to change a country to live and work, home, language. Often facing with unfamiliar and unexpected cultural situations may cause illnesses and stresses. Such services offer some approaches how to adapt to new culture, traditions, and environment.

These services such as CAI are popular all over the world and have great demand among international corporations.

In a world of global business knowing all components of culture and using them in daily business practice usually means being successful and comparative in the international market.

6. Characteristics of branded goods. Brand strategy options

A brand is used to differentiate a product from competitor's products. It helps to reduce confusion and save on search time.

Let's consider the main characteristics of a brand:

• Identity and memorizable attributes.

The real brand has quite certain recognizable logo and the short, capacious slogan which build top-of-the-mind awareness. Even if you have never used the goods of famous brand companies you heard about them somewhere once something.

• Orientation for the consumer.

Correct brand is created not fun to owners. The brand is ready to tell to all wishing about the uniqueness, beauty, universality, convenience and other qualities which make it irreplaceable.

• Urgency.

Any brand good — is not one-day product. The brand is necessary almost always yesterday, today and, for certain, it is required tomorrow. The most striking example, Coca-Cola — It’s one of the most long-living brands.

• Correct image.

In fact image is a wrapper in which the producer wraps up described before quality. For example, nobody will begin to buy perfume in a brown bottle without any inscription.

• Something more than simple good.

Brand products offer you not simply goods or services — they offer you the concrete solution of specific problems. It is so convincing that you start to believe that the frying pan of famous company is much better, than a similar frying pan without identification marks.

There are several options in brand strategy. A company can sell its own brand or under that of another company. In the latter case it is often a retailer's own label. In using the company's brand a choice will be needed between using a "family" brand name for all that firm's brands, as opposed to giving each product an individual brand name.

Some companies attempt to obtain the benefits of both strategies by family branding and at the same time having several "sub-brands".

Today we also often face to production look-alikes. The latter mean products whose package reminds the silhouette or colour of famous brands. This strategy calculates on inattentive consumer, who doesn’t notice difference and now he is happy to have so-called brand product at lower price.

Brand stretching is another option in brand strategy. Companies use successful brand names and develop products in different categories under the same brand name.

7.Outsourcing production. Its impact on quality.

Nowadays outsourcing is considered to be one of the main parts of any business. It occurs when a company purchases products and services from an outside supplier, rather than performing the same work within its own facilities. The decision to outsource is often made in the interest of lowering firm costs, redirecting or conserving energy, or making more efficient use of worldwide labour capital, technology and recourses. That’s why European and American companies outsource to low-cost countries. It’s also allows them to lift their gross margins.

But it’s interesting, does outsourcing make any influence on quality and the price of the product?

It’s known that some of the brands have to outsource because of the lack of resources, labor force and manufacturing energy. But at the same time, big corporations are more likely to use Asian countries like the source of labor just because it’s cheap enough and helps to reduce the costs. These countries have a soft climate and favorable landscape, which also help to reduce the cost price of the product. But at the same time, the workers of these countries aren’t educated enough and haven’t operational experience. It may affect negatively on the quality. Of course, most of the plants are automated, but these equipment is controlled by the people, who usually don’t have necessary skills. It may let to the losses at the factory.

Next point is the transport tariffs. Of course, for some producers its cheaper and easier to outsource their production. But it’s often much more expensive to transport produced goods than to have a local production facilities. It’s known that tariff levels are usually make importing too expensive.

Next problem is the lack of necessary recourses for producing in the country of origin. It’s known that some companies have to outsource, for example, to China just because they don’t have some details and parts, which are necessary for producing. At the same time Chinese representatives and government forbit to sell these details abroad in order to attract more investors and companies, which are ready to outsource to this country.

As for me, I think that the choice to outsource or not the production depends on the special characteristics of the company. If the corporation is ready to concentrate the production in other country, it wants to reduce the costs, to save resources and to find a cheap labor force, it’s necessary to outsource. But you should think it over before decide.