- •The reflexive voice. Non-traditional voices.
- •Clause-sentence-utterance-logical proposition
- •Informative type of sentence
- •Communicative & structural types of sentences
- •The article.
- •Category of modality in the sentence
- •Modal words
- •Statives
- •The category of mood. Indicative. Imperative.
- •Terminative/non-terminative, transitive/intransitive verbs Grammatical categories of the verb
- •The verb – meaning, form, function. Principles of classification.
- •The Theory of parts of speech in prenormative &classical gr-s.
- •The theory of parts of speech in American Descriptive Grammar.
- •The Theory of Progress, the Functional Theory.
- •Origin of the structure of Modern e-sh: Phonetic Approach, the Theory of Substratum.
- •Phonetic approach
- •The Theory of Substratum
- •Basic features of English syntax
- •Analytical features ofword-building
- •Prenormative eg
- •Prescriptive eg
- •Classical scientific grammar of e-sh
- •American descriptive grammar of eng
- •Transformational grammar
- •Noun. Number.
- •Noun. Case.
- •Scientific Principles for the Classification of Parts of Speech in Native Grammars of English. The Notion of Grammatical Category.
- •The adjective
- •Tense & Aspect of the verb
- •Numeral
- •Notional and formal words
- •Predicativity of the s-ce.
- •The verb: person and number. Other morphological categories
- •Syntax of classical scientific grammar
- •Quotation groups
- •Grammatical trends in word-changing noun adj PrN
- •Trends in Modern English word-changing verb
- •Generative semantix/syntax
- •The category of Voice
- •The Reflective Voice (rv)
- •Pronoun
- •Phrases (Ps)
- •Sentence definitions
- •Principles of clause-classification
- •Complex sent. As a syntactic unity
- •The subjunctive mood
The subjunctive mood
Some scholars believe that such a mood doesn’t exist in E. They speak of the forms expressing unreality. The generalized m. of the Subj.M. is to present an action as unreal as a supposition, hypothesis. The Subj.M. is very old and its forms were registeres in the earlies OldE writings. At that time they were expressed synthetically with the help of inflections. writ-e (sing), writ-en (pl).
In the course of time the inflections were reduced and dropped & as a result the Subj.M. coincided formally with the Ind.M. We go there. I suggest we go there.
The homonymy of the Ind. & Subj.M. was a negative feature, so in early modE (16-17c) there began developing the analytical forms built with the auxiliaries should/would, may/might, could.
Synthetic forms.
Present Subj. = bare inf
Be, go, do, come (for all the persons)
I suggest he do it. I insist she come. He insisted we come. (no seq. of tenses)
Past Subj.
=Past simple
Went, did, came, were (for all the persons)
I wish Jane were here.
Thus, in the SubjM we observe the shift of tenses, because the forms of the past R used to express present desires. On the other hand, the forms looking like Pres.Indicat cb used in the past tense contxt.
Analytical forms.
Present subj.
Should/would/could/mayu/might+inf
He insisted that we should come to the party. (AmE – we come to the party)
Past Subj.
Should/would/could/might/may+Perf.Inf.
If I had had enough of money I would have bought this dictionary.
The form of the subjunctive express in the language the idea of unreality of an action. There are 2 tense forms of the subjunctive which express various degrees of probability of an action. The Pres.Subj. presents an action in the form of likelihood, hopefulness. Because the action refers to the Present or Future in this case there are still some theoretical & hypothetical chances to perform it. If you invited me to your birthday party I would come (the party had not yet taken place & the invitation can still be got). The past subj. expr-s complete unlikelihood of the action & impossibility which is formally indicated by the perfect forms of the verb. If you had invited me I should have come (reproach).
The forms of the Subj.M. are subdivided into synth. & analytical ones. Synth forms are equal to bare infinitive. I demand he go there. If I were rich.. Anal. forms: pres.subj (should would may could + inf) past (+perf.inf).
In ModE there 2 fields of the use of the Subj.M. Free use of the Subj.M. in simple sentences. Many of these cases survived since OldE. They express wish and good will, exclamations. Long live our Motherland! Success attend you. God bless you. Heaven forbid. Be ours a happy meeting. So be it. Manners be hanged. Far be it from me to contradict you.
Complex sentences of the mixed type when the condition refers to the past & the consequence to the present. E.g. If you had taken the medicine yesterday you would be well now.
If a complex sentence begins “It’s time”, we use Past Ind. In the subordinate clause. E.g. It’s time we went home.