- •Class nouns
- •Names of persons
- •Geographical names
- •Miscellaneous proper names
- •Set expressions
- •Some syntactic relations
- •Parts of the day
- •Names of seasons and names of meals
- •"School, college, bed, prison, jail; sea; town, wind, weather, life"
- •Names of diseases and names of languages
- •Certain adjectives, pronouns and numerals
- •The oblique moods subjunctive I
- •Subjunctive II
- •The conditional mood
- •In complex sentences. Real conditions.
- •The suppositional mood
- •The verbals the triple nature of the participle, its tense and voice
- •The functions of p1 & p2
- •The objective participial construction
- •The subjective participial construction
- •The nominative absolute participial construction, the prepositional absolute participial construction
- •The absolute constructions without a participle
- •Double nature of the gerund, its tense and voice
- •Predicative constructions with the gerund
- •The use of the gerund
- •The functions of the gerund
- •The gerund & the participle. The gerund & the infinitive. The gerund & the verbal noun
- •The double nature of the infinitive, its tense, aspect and voice
- •The functions of the infinitive
- •The objective-with-the-infinitive construction
- •The subjective infinitive construction.
- •Syntax the word order
- •Position of the object, the attribute, the adverbial modifiers
- •The subject
- •"It" as the subject of the sentence
- •The predicate
- •The compound verbal predicate. Mixed types
- •Agreement of the predicate with the subject
- •The object
- •The complex object. The cognate object
- •The attribute
- •The adverbial modifier
- •Detached parts of the sentence. The independent elements
- •The simple sentence
- •The compound sentence
- •The complex sentence
- •Attributive and adverbial clauses
- •The rules of the sequence of tenses
- •Indirect speech (statements, questions)
- •Indirect orders and requests, offers, suggestions and advice, indirect exclamations
Some syntactic relations
With predicative nouns the indefinite article is used when the speaker states that the object belongs to a certain class (This is a student). When a predicative noun is modified by a particularizing attribute the definite article is used (This is the student you wanted to talk to). The post which can be occupied by only one person is used either with the definite article or with no article (The dean of our faculty is A.P.P.; Gregory is manager). No article is used with predicative nouns after the verbs "to turn, to commence, to appoint, to elect" (He was elected President for the first time). When a noun has an adjectival character (usually followed by the adverb "enough") no article is used (She was wise enough not to interfere). No article is used when a predicative noun in an adverbial clause of concession is placed at the head of the clause (Child as he was, he didn't believe a word). The nouns "son" and "daughter" take the definite article when modified by an of-phrase (He was the son of a teacher and an artist).
Nouns in apposition and nouns forming a part of an apposition are when the speaker states that the object belongs to a certain class (I'd like you to meet Mary, an old friend of mine). In the plural no article is used (Here are Helen and Max, great friends of mine). When a noun in apposition is modified by a particularizing attribute the definite article is used (Mr.Crowley, the man I've told you about, has come). If the noun denotes a well-known person or work of art the definite article is used (Pushkin, the great Russian poet, was born in 1799). The noun in apposition which denotes a post which can be occupied by only one person is used with no article (N.P.B., head of the university, is very busy).
Class nouns used in address take no article (Come here, boy).
Parts of the day
No article is used with the nouns "day, night, morning, evening" when they denote parts of the day or mean "light/darkness" (The sun has risen, day has begun) and in set expressions "at day, at night, from morning till night". When the nouns "morning, evening" are modified by the adjectives "early, late" (It was early morning, but it was pretty hot).
The Definite article is used when a part of the day is modified by a particularizing attribute or the situation makes it definite (I will never forget the day when I met her). It is also used in the expressions "in the morning, in the afternoon, in the evening".
The Indefinite article is used when the noun is modified by a descriptive attribute (Today is a fine day for a picnic).
Names of seasons and names of meals
No article is used when names of seasons denote a certain time of the year (My favourite season is summer) and when they are modified by the adjectives "early, late" (It was early autumn – the best time of the year). The Definite article is used when these nouns are modified by a particularizing attribute or the situation makes them definite (It began in the summer of 1984). The Indefinite article is used when these nouns are modified by a descriptive attribute (He's used to a cold summer).
No article is used with the names of meals (I ate breakfast with pleasure). The Definite article is used when the noun is modified by a particularizing attribute or the situation makes it definite (How did you like the supper my wife has prepared?). The Indefinite article is used the name of a meal is modified by a descriptive attribute (Yesterday I had a heavy dinner which affected my physical state).