- •Class nouns
- •Names of persons
- •Geographical names
- •Miscellaneous proper names
- •Set expressions
- •Some syntactic relations
- •Parts of the day
- •Names of seasons and names of meals
- •"School, college, bed, prison, jail; sea; town, wind, weather, life"
- •Names of diseases and names of languages
- •Certain adjectives, pronouns and numerals
- •The oblique moods subjunctive I
- •Subjunctive II
- •The conditional mood
- •In complex sentences. Real conditions.
- •The suppositional mood
- •The verbals the triple nature of the participle, its tense and voice
- •The functions of p1 & p2
- •The objective participial construction
- •The subjective participial construction
- •The nominative absolute participial construction, the prepositional absolute participial construction
- •The absolute constructions without a participle
- •Double nature of the gerund, its tense and voice
- •Predicative constructions with the gerund
- •The use of the gerund
- •The functions of the gerund
- •The gerund & the participle. The gerund & the infinitive. The gerund & the verbal noun
- •The double nature of the infinitive, its tense, aspect and voice
- •The functions of the infinitive
- •The objective-with-the-infinitive construction
- •The subjective infinitive construction.
- •Syntax the word order
- •Position of the object, the attribute, the adverbial modifiers
- •The subject
- •"It" as the subject of the sentence
- •The predicate
- •The compound verbal predicate. Mixed types
- •Agreement of the predicate with the subject
- •The object
- •The complex object. The cognate object
- •The attribute
- •The adverbial modifier
- •Detached parts of the sentence. The independent elements
- •The simple sentence
- •The compound sentence
- •The complex sentence
- •Attributive and adverbial clauses
- •The rules of the sequence of tenses
- •Indirect speech (statements, questions)
- •Indirect orders and requests, offers, suggestions and advice, indirect exclamations
The object
The O is a secondary part of the sentence which completes or restricts the meaning of a verb or sometimes an adjective, a word denoting state, or a noun. It can be expressed by: 1) A noun in the common case (I'll give her a present); 2) A pronoun (personal in the objective case, possessive, defining, reflexive, demonstrative, indefinite) (I know everything), the pronoun "it" sometimes is used as a real (notional) object, but occasionally it's a formal introductory object following such verbs as "to think, to find, to consider, to make, etc." (He remembered it; He found it impossible to forget that day); 3) A substantivized adjective or participle (She helps the poor); 4) An infinitive, an infinitive phrase or construction (He ordered them to stop); 5) A gerund, a gerundial phrase or construction (They forbid shouting in the streets); 6) Any part of speech used as a quotation (He said "Wow" seeing this); 7) A prepositional phrase with a noun or a gerund (I don't mind to your going with us); 8) A syntactically indivisible group (He found a number of cars parked).
There are 3 kinds of O: the direct object, the indirect object, and the cognate object.
The DO is used after transitive verbs with which it's closely connected as it denotes a person or thing directly affected by the action of the verb, it's used without a preposition (He moved his body). A TV takes only one object expressed by a noun or pronoun without any preposition, though there are a few verbs in English ("to ask, to teach, to forgive, etc.") that can have two direct objects (She taught me Spanish).
The IO denotes a living being to whom the action of the verb is directed. Type 1 of IO expresses the addressee of the action (She gave me a book). It's used with TV which can take a DO, so it hardly ever stands alone (and comes before the DO, otherwise the prepositions "to, for" are used) (Give it to me). Type 2 of IO (or the prepositional IO) is mostly used with IV and any preposition (I am certain about it).
The complex object. The cognate object
The DO and the PIO may be simple and complex. The CmO consists of 2 components, of which the second stands in predicate relation to the first. It can be prepositional or non-prepositional (I watched him turn pale; He waited for this period to be over). The first component is a noun in the common case or in the possessive case, or a possessive pronoun; the second is an infinitive, a participle, a gerund, seldom a noun, an adjective, a word denoting state, or a prepositional phrase. It is expressed by a participial construction, a gerundial construction, an Objective-with-the-Infinitive Construction and a for-to-Infinitive Construction (I saw her standing there).
The CgO has the following peculiarities: 1) It's used with IV though it has no preposition; 2) It's expressed by a noun which is either of the same root as the verb or is similar to it in meaning; 3) It's almost regularly attended by an attribute with which it forms a combination that is close in meaning to an adverbial modifier (They lived a happy life together).