17. What is the treatment for cirrhosis?

The treatment for cirrhosis includes - steroids and immunosuppressive drugs if c. caused by autoimmune disease,- high protein diet with extrude vitamins if there is a long period care, - antibiotics drugs may be prescribed if there is infection.

18. What is the difference between hepatitis a and hepatitis b? (etiology, incubation period, transmission, contagious rate).

Hepatitis it is infection diseases of the liver. It has 2 types: A and B.

Hepatitis A caused by the hepatitis A virus (HAV). The hepatitis A virus is transmitted by a fecal – oral raete. Hepatitis A has a shorter incubation period and higher contagious rate

Hepatitis B caused by hepatitis B virus (HBV) which infects the liver. Common modes of transmission in developing countries are: perinatal (from mother to baby at birth), blood transfusions, sexual contact. Hepatitis B has a long incubation period.

19. What are the histological and morphological lessions of hepatitis?

There are histological and morphological lesions of hepatitis. Histological lesion is: present of bridgins (мости) between lobules besause of necrosis. Morphological lesion: presents of “rosette” or “pseudoglandular” formation.

20. Describe the clinical picture of acute hapatitis

Hepatitis B is usually clinically more severe. Than hepatitis A. The symptoms of hepatitis are headache, fever, chills, general weakness, jaundice, fatigue, sore bones, dryness of the eyes.

II Kidney diseases

21. What does the urinary system consist of?

Urinary system consist of two kidneys, two urethras, bladder and urethra.

22. What are the kidneys? Give the anatomical description of the kidneys? (location, structure).

Kidney an organ of exretion, the two kidneys filter the blood and form urine, which contains the waste products of metabolism and other substances as needed to regulate the water and electrolyte balance and the pH of body fluids. The kidney has a bean-shaped structure and located near the vertebral column at the small of the back. The left kidney lies a little higher than the right kidney. Each kidney comprises an outer cortex and an inner medulla.

23. What are the principle physiological function of the human kidneys?

Principle physiological functions of the human kidneys:

1. They clean the blood by removing excess of waste.

2. They maintain the salt and water composition of total body fluids.

3. They maintain the acid base balance.

4. They control the normal blood pressure with the help of angiotensinogen.

5. They control the normal hemoglobin by producing hormone erythropoietin.

6. They help in proper calcium metabolism by activating vitamins D.

24. What factors may cause kidney disease? Name the diseases?

Kidney disease may be caused by many factors, such as: injury; infection; cancer or disorders in other parts; radiotherapy; stones.

Diseases: nephrolithiasis; urinary tuberculosis; calculi; acute renal failure; glomerular disease; renal arterial occlusion; acute and chronic pyelonephritis; nephritis.

25. What are the symptoms and signs of kidneys diseases?

Kidney diseases are disorders that affect the kidneys; Symptoms of kidneys diseases: changes in Urination (nocturia, hematuria, dysuria, oliguria, anuria, polyuria), Swelling, Fatigue, anemia, Skin Rash, Itching, Metallic Taste in Mouth, Nausea and Vomiting, Shortness of Breath, loss of appetite, fever.

26. How to investigate kidneys disease?

Kidney disease can be investigated in various ways.

1. Chemical testing of the urine detects the presence of any abnormal substances.

2. Examination of urine through a microscope may detect blood or white blood cells resulting from infection.

3. Tests that measure the amount of urea and creatinine in the blood help detect kidney disease.

27. What may cause urinary obstruction?

Cause of urinary obstruction include: -foreign body -blood clots –infection -tumor (can be anywhere in or outside the urinary tract, compressing it) -stones (can be in the kidneys, ureter or bladder) -trauma with pelvic fracture.

28. What are the clinical manifestation of urinary obstruction?

The clinical manifestations of urinary obstruction include: nocturia, hematuria, dysuria, oliguria, anuria, polyuria, abdominal pain.

29. What is acute renal failure?

Acute renal failure is a rapid loss of kidney function. The main causes of acute renal failure are categorized into prerenal, intrinsic and postrenal.

30. What are the the symptoms of acute renal failure?

The main symptoms of acute renal failure: -blood stools –fatigue -flank pain -hand tumor -high blood pressure -nausea or vomiting -persistent hiccups -prolonged bleeding -generalized swelling -urination changes; -decrease of amount of urine – nocturia.