5. Word-building in affixation

-suffixes

-prefixes

-allomorphs-variants of one and the same morpheme([-z]/[-s]/[-iz], как показатель множественного числа существительных.)

-combining forms- astron «star»-astronomy, bios «life»-biology

-hybrids – words are made up of elements derived from 2 or more languages readable – English root and affix that is derived from Latin and borrowed from French

5. Conversion. Semantic relation through conversion

Conversion- zero derivation, is highly productive in replenishing the Engl. voc. with new words Conversion may be studied sinchronically and diachronically. Synchronically we deal with pairs of words related through conversion that coexist in contemporary English. These 2 ingredients –the lexical m-ng of the root-morpheme and the part of speech m-ng of the stem – form part of speech m-ng of the whole word. The essential difference between affixation and conversion is that affixation is characterised by both semantic and structural derivation )friend –friendless,dark-darkness), whereas conv-n displays only smantic derivation (hand –to hand,fall – to fall).On the syncronical plane conv-n is regarded as a type of derivative correlation between two words making up a conv-n pair. On the diacronic plane conv-n is a way of forming new words on the analogy of the semantic patterns available in the language. Diachronic analysis reveals the things that can’t be seen with the help of syncr.analysis.

Semantic relation through conversion. The lex meaning of the verb points out: the instrument,the agent,the place,the cause.the result,the time. 1. Verbs based on nouns denoting some part of the human body will show the regularity of the meaning –eg eye – to watch carefully with eyes 2. Sometimes noun names the agent can be expressed in a verb- crowd – to come together in large numbers 3.group which based on the names of animals-momkey-mimick 4. to give birth to some animal – eg – fox 5. with nouns denoting places,buildings,containers – to bag – to put in a bag 6.deverbal nouns which fall under the categories of process(hass, hint),result(cut,find)or place(walk.stand)

5. Word composition. Identification of compound words. Types of compound words

Composition (compounding) is the means of building new ws. by joining two/more stems together.

Compound words are inseparable vocabulary units. Phonetically compound words are marked by three stress patterns — a unity stress (hard-cover, best-seller), a double stress(the primary stress on the 1st component, the seconary – on the 2nd - blood-vessel) and a level stress (snow-white, sky-blue). Graphically types of compound words are characterised by fluctuations between hyphenated spelling (через дефис) and spelling with a space between the components. There are 3 aspects of composition: structural, semantic, theoretical. Structural Aspect 3 types of compounds: Neutral - the process takes place without any linking element(armchair), Morphological - 2 compounding stems are combined by a linking vowel or consonant (statesman) Syntactic - the components represent segments of speech preserving in their structure numerous traces of sintagmatic relations (do-all, free-for-all, good-for-nothing, son-in-low.). Semantic Aspect 2 types of compounds Non-idiomatic - compounds whose meanings can be described as the sum of their constituent meaning. The first component in these words, if taking as a free form, denotes an action or state of whatever or whoever is characterized by the word. (classroom, bedroom, evening gown). Idiomatic - the meaning is shifted. 2 groups: 1) The meaning is slightly recognizable through the meaning of its constituent parts. (bluebell, blackberries). 2) In this group it is impossible to deduce the meaning of the compound from the meaning of its constituent part. (mother-of-pearl, kill-joy - брюзга). The key to meaning have been irretrievably lost (ladybird - an infect, a tallboy - a piece of furniture.).