Лабораторная № 1

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Агенство по образованию РФ

СПбГЭТУ «ЛЭТИ»

Кафедра МО ЭВМ

Лабораторная работа № 1

Сетевой уровень: IP-адресация

Выполнил студент

группы 4351

Кузьменко А.

Санкт-Петербург

2007

Лабораторная работа № 1.

Сетевой уровень: IP-адресация.

Цель: изучение и практическое освоение основ адресации, разрешения физических адресов и простейшей маршрутизации в IP-сетях.

Общие сведения.

Сетевой уровень модели TCP/IP служит для образования единой транспортной системы, объединяющей несколько сетей, причем эти сети могут использовать совершенно различные принципы сообщений между конечными узлами и обладать произвольной топологией. Единицей сетевого уровня является пакет. На этом уровне определяются два вида протоколов – сетевые протоколы и протоколы маршрутизации. Первые реализуют продвижение пакетов через сеть. Это такие протоколы как IP, ICMP, ARP и другие. Вторые – предоставляют способ обмена информацией о маршрутах.

Каждый компьютер в сети TCP/IP имеет адреса двух типов:

локальный (физический) адрес узла,определяемый технолгоией, с помощью которой построена отдельная сеть, в которую входит данный узел. Для узлов, входящих в локальную сеть – это MAC-адрес сетевого адаптера или порта маршрутизатора. Эти адреса назначаются производителями оборудования и являются уникальными адресами, так ка куправляются централизованно. Для узлов, входящих в глобальные сети (X.25, frame relay), физический адрес назначается администраторм глобальной сети.
IP-адрес, состоящий из 4-х байт. Этот адрес используется на сетевом уровне. Он назначается администратором во время конфигурирования компьютеров и маршрутизаторов. IP-адрес состоит из номера сети и номера узла. Подсеть – это физический сегмент TCP/IP сети, в котором используются IP-адреса с общим номером сети.

Какая част IP-адреса относится к номеру сети, а какая к номеру узла, определяются двумя способами: с помощью классов (класовая адреация) или с помощью масок подсети (бесклассовая адреация).

Отображение физических адресов на IP-адреса происходит с помощью протокола ARP. Узел, которому необходимо выполнить отображение, формирует ARP запрос, в случае удачи, узел формирует ARP-ответ. В котором указывает свои IP- и локальный адреса. Для того, чтобы не перегружать систему запросами, ARP использует таблицу отображения (ARP-кэш). Тип записи может быть статическим и динамическим.

Для объединения подсетей в единую сеть, в простейшем случае используют маршрутизацию по умолчанию. Она организуется посредством шлюзов – узлов внутри подсети, которые предоставляют доступ в другую подсеть. Чаще всего в качестве шлюза выступает маршрутизатор. Для каждого узла задается маршрутизатор по умолчанию.

Для проверки соединений и корректного функционирования сети обычно используется протокол ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) – протокол управляющих сообщений интернета. ICMP – протокол сетевого уровня и работает поверх протокола IP. Он предназначен для обмена информацией об ошибках между маршрутизаторами сети и узлом-иточником пакета. В простейшем случае для проверки работоспособности используется два сообщения ICMP: эхо-запрос и эхо-ответ. Пример реализации такого обмена представлен в утилите ping, вхожящей в состав почти любой сетевой ОС.

Выполнение задания.

Схема сети:

Настройки протокола TCP/IP для всех узлов сети:

Name	Interface	IP Adress	Subnet Mask	Default Gateway
Station 1	eth0	192.168.1.2	255.255.255.0	192.168.1.5
Station 2	eth0	192.168.1.1	255.255.255.0	192.168.1.5
Station 3	eth0	192.168.1.3	255.255.255.0	192.168.1.5
Station 4	eth0	192.168.1.4	255.255.255.0	192.168.1.5
R1	eth0	192.168.1.5	255.255.255.0	192.168.0.2
R1	eth1	192.168.0.1	255.255.255.0	192.168.0.2
ADSL	eth0	192.168.0.2	255.255.255.0	172.168.0.2
ADSL	eth1	192.168.0.1	255.255.0.0	172.168.0.2
ADSL2	eth0	172.168.0.2	255.255.0.0	172.168.0.1
ADSL2	eth1	99.11.0.1	255.255.0.0	192.168.0.1
Remote 1	eth0	99.11.0.11	255.255.0.0	99.11.0.1

Таблица маршрутизации узла ADSL:

Destination Gateway Genmask Type Iface

192.168.1.0 192.168.0.1 255.255.255.0 0 eth0

Default 172.168.0.2 0.0.0.0 0 eth0

Результаты вывода программы при выполнении эхо-запросов:

21:59:32-640	Station1	Echo Request Packet	Network	Created Echo Request packet to 99.11.0.11
21:59:32-640	Station1	ARP Discovery Packet	DataLink	Created ARP discovery packet to source MAC address for IP 192.168.1.5
21:59:32-640	Station1	ARP_packet	Network	Sending broadcast packet from ProtocolStack.
21:59:32-640	Station1	Ethernet Packet	Link	Sending packet from interface A7:AB:51:BC:C1:A5
21:59:32-640	Station4	Ethernet Packet	Link	Recieved and accepted packet at interface 7D:5F:9C:24:56:70
21:59:32-640	Station4	ARP_packet	Network	ProtocolStack received packet from local Interface.
21:59:32-640	R1	Ethernet Packet	Link	Recieved and accepted packet at interface C4:8E:66:51:BE:A9
21:59:32-640	R1	ARP_packet	Network	ProtocolStack received packet from local Interface.
21:59:32-640	R1	ARP_packet	Network	Confirmed Packet is for this Network Layer Device.
21:59:32-640	R1	ARP Response Packet	DataLink	Created ARP Response packet to 192.168.1.2
21:59:32-640	R1	ARP_packet	Network	Sending packet from ProtocolStack (to 192.168.1.2).
21:59:32-640	R1	Ethernet Packet	Link	Sending packet from interface C4:8E:66:51:BE:A9
21:59:32-640	Station4	Ethernet Packet	Link	Recieved and dropped packet at interface 7D:5F:9C:24:56:70
21:59:32-640	Station3	Ethernet Packet	Link	Recieved and dropped packet at interface 20:4E:93:57:1A:B2
21:59:32-640	Station2	Ethernet Packet	Link	Recieved and dropped packet at interface 9D:B6:69:19:3A:AE
21:59:32-656	Station1	Ethernet Packet	Link	Recieved and accepted packet at interface A7:AB:51:BC:C1:A5
21:59:32-656	Station1	ARP_packet	Network	ProtocolStack received packet from local Interface.
21:59:32-656	Station1	ARP_packet	Network	Confirmed Packet is for this Network Layer Device.
21:59:32-656	Station3	Ethernet Packet	Link	Recieved and accepted packet at interface 20:4E:93:57:1A:B2
21:59:32-656	Station3	ARP_packet	Network	ProtocolStack received packet from local Interface.
21:59:32-656	Station2	Ethernet Packet	Link	Recieved and accepted packet at interface 9D:B6:69:19:3A:AE
21:59:32-656	Station2	ARP_packet	Network	ProtocolStack received packet from local Interface.
21:59:32-656	Station1	ICMP_packet	Network	Sending packet from ProtocolStack (to 192.168.1.5).
21:59:32-656	Station1	Ethernet Packet	Link	Sending packet from interface A7:AB:51:BC:C1:A5
21:59:32-656	Station4	Ethernet Packet	Link	Recieved and dropped packet at interface 7D:5F:9C:24:56:70
21:59:32-671	R1	Ethernet Packet	Link	Recieved and accepted packet at interface C4:8E:66:51:BE:A9
21:59:32-671	R1	ICMP_packet	Network	ProtocolStack received packet from local Interface.
21:59:32-671	R1	ICMP_packet	Network	Packet Received: Network Layer Device is Routable forwarding packet.
21:59:32-671	R1	ARP Discovery Packet	DataLink	Created ARP discovery packet to source MAC address for IP 192.168.0.2
21:59:32-671	R1	ARP_packet	Network	Sending broadcast packet from ProtocolStack.
21:59:32-671	R1	Ethernet Packet	Link	Sending packet from interface 86:96:4D:62:BD:97
21:59:32-671	ADSL	Ethernet Packet	Link	Recieved and accepted packet at interface 17:50:A1:11:2E:AE
21:59:32-671	ADSL	ARP_packet	Network	ProtocolStack received packet from local Interface.
21:59:32-671	ADSL	ARP_packet	Network	Confirmed Packet is for this Network Layer Device.
21:59:32-671	ADSL	ARP Response Packet	DataLink	Created ARP Response packet to 192.168.0.1
21:59:32-671	ADSL	ARP_packet	Network	Sending packet from ProtocolStack (to 192.168.0.1).
21:59:32-671	ADSL	Ethernet Packet	Link	Sending packet from interface 17:50:A1:11:2E:AE
21:59:32-671	R1	Ethernet Packet	Link	Recieved and accepted packet at interface 86:96:4D:62:BD:97
21:59:32-671	R1	ARP_packet	Network	ProtocolStack received packet from local Interface.
21:59:32-671	R1	ARP_packet	Network	Confirmed Packet is for this Network Layer Device.
21:59:32-671	R1	ICMP_packet	Network	Forwarding packet from ProtocolStack(to 192.168.0.2).
21:59:32-671	R1	Ethernet Packet	Link	Sending packet from interface 86:96:4D:62:BD:97
21:59:32-671	ADSL	Ethernet Packet	Link	Recieved and accepted packet at interface 17:50:A1:11:2E:AE
21:59:32-671	ADSL	ICMP_packet	Network	ProtocolStack received packet from local Interface.
21:59:32-671	ADSL	ICMP_packet	Network	Packet Received: Network Layer Device is Routable forwarding packet.
21:59:32-671	ADSL	ARP Discovery Packet	DataLink	Created ARP discovery packet to source MAC address for IP 172.168.0.2
21:59:32-671	ADSL	ARP_packet	Network	Sending broadcast packet from ProtocolStack.
21:59:32-671	ADSL	Ethernet Packet	Link	Sending packet from interface 2F:41:BE:91:C2:A8
21:59:32-671	ADSL2	Ethernet Packet	Link	Recieved and accepted packet at interface 18:BC:3B:89:1E:3D
21:59:32-671	ADSL2	ARP_packet	Network	ProtocolStack received packet from local Interface.
21:59:32-671	ADSL2	ARP_packet	Network	Confirmed Packet is for this Network Layer Device.
21:59:32-671	ADSL2	ARP Response Packet	DataLink	Created ARP Response packet to 172.168.0.1
21:59:32-671	ADSL2	ARP_packet	Network	Sending packet from ProtocolStack (to 172.168.0.1).
21:59:32-671	ADSL2	Ethernet Packet	Link	Sending packet from interface 18:BC:3B:89:1E:3D
21:59:32-671	ADSL	Ethernet Packet	Link	Recieved and accepted packet at interface 2F:41:BE:91:C2:A8
21:59:32-671	ADSL	ARP_packet	Network	ProtocolStack received packet from local Interface.
21:59:32-671	ADSL	ARP_packet	Network	Confirmed Packet is for this Network Layer Device.
21:59:32-671	ADSL	ICMP_packet	Network	Forwarding packet from ProtocolStack(to 172.168.0.2).
21:59:32-671	ADSL	Ethernet Packet	Link	Sending packet from interface 2F:41:BE:91:C2:A8
21:59:32-671	ADSL2	Ethernet Packet	Link	Recieved and accepted packet at interface 18:BC:3B:89:1E:3D
21:59:32-671	ADSL2	ICMP_packet	Network	ProtocolStack received packet from local Interface.
21:59:32-671	ADSL2	ICMP_packet	Network	Packet Received: Network Layer Device is Routable forwarding packet.
21:59:32-671	ADSL2	ARP Discovery Packet	DataLink	Created ARP discovery packet to source MAC address for IP 99.11.0.11
21:59:32-671	ADSL2	ARP_packet	Network	Sending broadcast packet from ProtocolStack.
21:59:32-671	ADSL2	Ethernet Packet	Link	Sending packet from interface 66:65:64:88:18:1B
21:59:32-671	Remote1	Ethernet Packet	Link	Recieved and accepted packet at interface 14:53:2F:86:88:13
21:59:32-671	Remote1	ARP_packet	Network	ProtocolStack received packet from local Interface.
21:59:32-671	Remote1	ARP_packet	Network	Confirmed Packet is for this Network Layer Device.
21:59:32-671	Remote1	ARP Response Packet	DataLink	Created ARP Response packet to 99.11.0.1
21:59:32-671	Remote1	ARP_packet	Network	Sending packet from ProtocolStack (to 99.11.0.1).
21:59:32-671	Remote1	Ethernet Packet	Link	Sending packet from interface 14:53:2F:86:88:13
21:59:32-671	ADSL2	Ethernet Packet	Link	Recieved and accepted packet at interface 66:65:64:88:18:1B
21:59:32-671	ADSL2	ARP_packet	Network	ProtocolStack received packet from local Interface.
21:59:32-671	ADSL2	ARP_packet	Network	Confirmed Packet is for this Network Layer Device.
21:59:32-671	ADSL2	ICMP_packet	Network	Forwarding packet from ProtocolStack(to 99.11.0.11).
21:59:32-671	ADSL2	Ethernet Packet	Link	Sending packet from interface 66:65:64:88:18:1B
21:59:32-671	Remote1	Ethernet Packet	Link	Recieved and accepted packet at interface 14:53:2F:86:88:13
21:59:32-671	Remote1	ICMP_packet	Network	ProtocolStack received packet from local Interface.
21:59:32-671	Remote1	ICMP_packet	Network	Confirmed Packet is for this Network Layer Device.
21:59:32-671	Remote1	Echo Reply Packet	Network	Created Echo Reply packet to 192.168.1.2
21:59:32-671	Remote1	ICMP_packet	Network	Sending packet from ProtocolStack (to 99.11.0.1).
21:59:32-671	Remote1	Ethernet Packet	Link	Sending packet from interface 14:53:2F:86:88:13
21:59:32-671	ADSL2	Ethernet Packet	Link	Recieved and accepted packet at interface 66:65:64:88:18:1B
21:59:32-671	ADSL2	ICMP_packet	Network	ProtocolStack received packet from local Interface.
21:59:32-671	ADSL2	ICMP_packet	Network	Packet Received: Network Layer Device is Routable forwarding packet.
21:59:32-671	ADSL2	ICMP_packet	Network	Forwarding packet from ProtocolStack(to 172.168.0.1).
21:59:32-671	ADSL2	Ethernet Packet	Link	Sending packet from interface 18:BC:3B:89:1E:3D
21:59:32-671	ADSL	Ethernet Packet	Link	Recieved and accepted packet at interface 2F:41:BE:91:C2:A8
21:59:32-671	ADSL	ICMP_packet	Network	ProtocolStack received packet from local Interface.
21:59:32-671	ADSL	ICMP_packet	Network	Packet Received: Network Layer Device is Routable forwarding packet.
21:59:32-671	ADSL	ICMP_packet	Network	Forwarding packet from ProtocolStack(to 192.168.0.1).
21:59:32-671	ADSL	Ethernet Packet	Link	Sending packet from interface 17:50:A1:11:2E:AE
21:59:32-671	R1	Ethernet Packet	Link	Recieved and accepted packet at interface 86:96:4D:62:BD:97
21:59:32-671	R1	ICMP_packet	Network	ProtocolStack received packet from local Interface.
21:59:32-671	R1	ICMP_packet	Network	Packet Received: Network Layer Device is Routable forwarding packet.
21:59:32-671	R1	ICMP_packet	Network	Forwarding packet from ProtocolStack(to 192.168.1.2).
21:59:32-671	R1	Ethernet Packet	Link	Sending packet from interface C4:8E:66:51:BE:A9
21:59:32-671	Station4	Ethernet Packet	Link	Recieved and dropped packet at interface 7D:5F:9C:24:56:70
21:59:32-671	Station3	Ethernet Packet	Link	Recieved and dropped packet at interface 20:4E:93:57:1A:B2
21:59:32-671	Station2	Ethernet Packet	Link	Recieved and dropped packet at interface 9D:B6:69:19:3A:AE
21:59:32-671	Station1	Ethernet Packet	Link	Recieved and accepted packet at interface A7:AB:51:BC:C1:A5
21:59:32-671	Station1	ICMP_packet	Network	ProtocolStack received packet from local Interface.
21:59:32-671	Station1	ICMP_packet	Network	Confirmed Packet is for this Network Layer Device.
21:59:32-671	Station1	Echo Reply Packet	Network	Echo reply packet received from 99.11.0.11
21:59:32-671	Station3	Ethernet Packet	Link	Recieved and dropped packet at interface 20:4E:93:57:1A:B2
21:59:32-671	Station2	Ethernet Packet	Link	Recieved and dropped packet at interface 9D:B6:69:19:3A:AE

22:05:38-375	Station1	Echo Request Packet	Network	Created Echo Request packet to 200.100.0.1
22:05:38-375	Station1	ARP Discovery Packet	DataLink	Created ARP discovery packet to source MAC address for IP 192.168.1.5
22:05:38-375	Station1	ARP_packet	Network	Sending broadcast packet from ProtocolStack.
22:05:38-375	Station1	Ethernet Packet	Link	Sending packet from interface A7:AB:51:BC:C1:A5
22:05:38-375	Station4	Ethernet Packet	Link	Recieved and accepted packet at interface 7D:5F:9C:24:56:70
22:05:38-375	Station4	ARP_packet	Network	ProtocolStack received packet from local Interface.
22:05:38-375	R1	Ethernet Packet	Link	Recieved and accepted packet at interface C4:8E:66:51:BE:A9
22:05:38-375	R1	ARP_packet	Network	ProtocolStack received packet from local Interface.
22:05:38-375	R1	ARP_packet	Network	Confirmed Packet is for this Network Layer Device.
22:05:38-375	R1	ARP Response Packet	DataLink	Created ARP Response packet to 192.168.1.2
22:05:38-375	R1	ARP_packet	Network	Sending packet from ProtocolStack (to 192.168.1.2).
22:05:38-375	R1	Ethernet Packet	Link	Sending packet from interface C4:8E:66:51:BE:A9
22:05:38-375	Station4	Ethernet Packet	Link	Recieved and dropped packet at interface 7D:5F:9C:24:56:70
22:05:38-375	Station3	Ethernet Packet	Link	Recieved and dropped packet at interface 20:4E:93:57:1A:B2
22:05:38-375	Station2	Ethernet Packet	Link	Recieved and dropped packet at interface 9D:B6:69:19:3A:AE
22:05:38-375	Station1	Ethernet Packet	Link	Recieved and accepted packet at interface A7:AB:51:BC:C1:A5
22:05:38-375	Station1	ARP_packet	Network	ProtocolStack received packet from local Interface.
22:05:38-375	Station1	ARP_packet	Network	Confirmed Packet is for this Network Layer Device.
22:05:38-375	Station3	Ethernet Packet	Link	Recieved and accepted packet at interface 20:4E:93:57:1A:B2
22:05:38-375	Station3	ARP_packet	Network	ProtocolStack received packet from local Interface.
22:05:38-375	Station2	Ethernet Packet	Link	Recieved and accepted packet at interface 9D:B6:69:19:3A:AE
22:05:38-375	Station2	ARP_packet	Network	ProtocolStack received packet from local Interface.
22:05:38-375	Station1	ICMP_packet	Network	Sending packet from ProtocolStack (to 192.168.1.5).
22:05:38-390	Station1	Ethernet Packet	Link	Sending packet from interface A7:AB:51:BC:C1:A5
22:05:38-390	Station4	Ethernet Packet	Link	Recieved and dropped packet at interface 7D:5F:9C:24:56:70
22:05:38-390	R1	Ethernet Packet	Link	Recieved and accepted packet at interface C4:8E:66:51:BE:A9
22:05:38-390	R1	ICMP_packet	Network	ProtocolStack received packet from local Interface.
22:05:38-390	R1	ICMP_packet	Network	Packet Received: Network Layer Device is Routable forwarding packet.
22:05:38-390	R1	ARP Discovery Packet	DataLink	Created ARP discovery packet to source MAC address for IP 192.168.0.2
22:05:38-390	R1	ARP_packet	Network	Sending broadcast packet from ProtocolStack.
22:05:38-390	R1	Ethernet Packet	Link	Sending packet from interface 86:96:4D:62:BD:97
22:05:38-390	ADSL	Ethernet Packet	Link	Recieved and accepted packet at interface 17:50:A1:11:2E:AE
22:05:38-390	ADSL	ARP_packet	Network	ProtocolStack received packet from local Interface.
22:05:38-390	ADSL	ARP_packet	Network	Confirmed Packet is for this Network Layer Device.
22:05:38-390	ADSL	ARP Response Packet	DataLink	Created ARP Response packet to 192.168.0.1
22:05:38-390	ADSL	ARP_packet	Network	Sending packet from ProtocolStack (to 192.168.0.1).
22:05:38-390	ADSL	Ethernet Packet	Link	Sending packet from interface 17:50:A1:11:2E:AE
22:05:38-390	R1	Ethernet Packet	Link	Recieved and accepted packet at interface 86:96:4D:62:BD:97
22:05:38-390	R1	ARP_packet	Network	ProtocolStack received packet from local Interface.
22:05:38-390	R1	ARP_packet	Network	Confirmed Packet is for this Network Layer Device.
22:05:38-390	R1	ICMP_packet	Network	Forwarding packet from ProtocolStack(to 192.168.0.2).
22:05:38-390	R1	Ethernet Packet	Link	Sending packet from interface 86:96:4D:62:BD:97
22:05:38-390	ADSL	Ethernet Packet	Link	Recieved and accepted packet at interface 17:50:A1:11:2E:AE
22:05:38-390	ADSL	ICMP_packet	Network	ProtocolStack received packet from local Interface.
22:05:38-390	ADSL	ICMP_packet	Network	Packet Received: Network Layer Device is Routable forwarding packet.
22:05:38-390	ADSL	ARP Discovery Packet	DataLink	Created ARP discovery packet to source MAC address for IP 172.168.0.2
22:05:38-390	ADSL	ARP_packet	Network	Sending broadcast packet from ProtocolStack.
22:05:38-390	ADSL	Ethernet Packet	Link	Sending packet from interface 2F:41:BE:91:C2:A8
22:05:38-390	ADSL2	Ethernet Packet	Link	Recieved and accepted packet at interface 18:BC:3B:89:1E:3D
22:05:38-390	ADSL2	ARP_packet	Network	ProtocolStack received packet from local Interface.
22:05:38-390	ADSL2	ARP_packet	Network	Confirmed Packet is for this Network Layer Device.
22:05:38-390	ADSL2	ARP Response Packet	DataLink	Created ARP Response packet to 172.168.0.1
22:05:38-390	ADSL2	ARP_packet	Network	Sending packet from ProtocolStack (to 172.168.0.1).
22:05:38-390	ADSL2	Ethernet Packet	Link	Sending packet from interface 18:BC:3B:89:1E:3D
22:05:38-390	ADSL	Ethernet Packet	Link	Recieved and accepted packet at interface 2F:41:BE:91:C2:A8
22:05:38-390	ADSL	ARP_packet	Network	ProtocolStack received packet from local Interface.
22:05:38-390	ADSL	ARP_packet	Network	Confirmed Packet is for this Network Layer Device.
22:05:38-406	ADSL	ICMP_packet	Network	Forwarding packet from ProtocolStack(to 172.168.0.2).
22:05:38-406	ADSL	Ethernet Packet	Link	Sending packet from interface 2F:41:BE:91:C2:A8
22:05:38-406	ADSL2	Ethernet Packet	Link	Recieved and accepted packet at interface 18:BC:3B:89:1E:3D
22:05:38-406	ADSL2	ICMP_packet	Network	ProtocolStack received packet from local Interface.
22:05:38-406	ADSL2	ICMP_packet	Network	Packet Received: Network Layer Device is Routable forwarding packet.
22:05:38-406	ADSL2	ICMP_packet	Network	Forwarding packet from ProtocolStack(to 172.168.0.1).
22:05:38-406	ADSL2	Ethernet Packet	Link	Sending packet from interface 18:BC:3B:89:1E:3D
22:05:38-406	ADSL	Ethernet Packet	Link	Recieved and accepted packet at interface 2F:41:BE:91:C2:A8
22:05:38-406	ADSL	ICMP_packet	Network	ProtocolStack received packet from local Interface.
22:05:38-406	ADSL	ICMP_packet	Network	Packet Received: Network Layer Device is Routable forwarding packet.

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