If at any time the risk from any hazard poses a significant danger to the rescuer, they should consider whether they should approach the scene (or leave the scene if appropriate).

Managing an emergency There are many protocols which the emergency services use in dealing with an emergency, which usually start with planning before an emergency occurs. One commonly used system for demonstrating the phases is shown here on the right.

The planning phase starts at preparedness, where the agencies decide on how they will respond to a given incident or set of circumstances. This should ideally include lines of command and control, and division of activities between agencies. This avoids potentially negative situations such as three separate agencies all starting an official rest center for victims of a disaster.

Following an emergency occurring, the agencies then move to a response phase, where they execute their plans, and may end up improvising some areas of their response (due to gaps in the planning phase, which are inevitable due to the individual nature of most incidents).

Agencies may then be involved in recovery following the incident, where they assist in the clear up from the incident, or help the people involved overcome their mental trauma.

The final phase in the circle is mitigation which involves taking steps to ensure that no re-occurrence is possible, or putting additional plans in place to ensure less damage is done. This should feed back in to the preparedness stage, with updated plans in place to deal with future emergencies, thus completing the circle.

90. What is referred to as a substance that in case of violation of safety requirements may cause injuries, occupational diseases, or variations in health status? Harmful substance - a substance that in case of violation of safety requirements may cause injuries, occupational diseases, or variations in health status that can be detected both in the process of work, and in remote periods of life present and future generations.

91. Which hazardous substances do cause modification of genetic information? Mutagenic - mutagenic substances with effects on the organism cause modification of genetic information.

92. What level of total sound pressure should not be exceeded in accordance with the sanitary norms? The allowable sound pressure levels are 105 dB in octave bands 2, 4, 8, 16 Hz and 102 dB in octave bands 31.5 Hz. The total sound pressure level should not exceed 110 dB.

93.What is an annual dose of radiation received by each inhabitant of the Earth under current conditions of natural radiation background? each inhabitant of the Earth receives an annual dose of radiation on average 2 - 3 mSv (200 - 300 mrem).

94. What distance from the broken wire is safe due to step voltage? Usually at a distance of 20 - 30 meters from the fallen wire-step voltage is safe.

95. What is a primary vector that does cause plaque? Xenopsylla cheopis is a primary vector of Bubonic plague.

96. What are the measures of plaque treatments? In most cases cholera can be successfully treated with oral rehydration therapy (ORT). ORT is highly effective, safe, and simple to administer: prompt replacement of water and electrolyte is the principal treatment for cholera, as dehydration and electrolyte depletion occur rapidly. In situations where commercially produced ORT sachets are too expensive or difficult to obtain, alternative homemade solutions using various formulas of water, sugar, table salt, baking soda, and fruit offer less expensive methods of electrolyte repletion. In severe cholera cases with significant dehydration, the administration of intravenous rehydration solutions may be necessary.

Antibiotics shorten the course of the disease and reduce the severity of the symptoms; however, ORT remains the principal treatment. Tetracycline is typically used as the primary antibiotic, although some strains of V. cholerae have shown resistance. Other antibiotics that have been proven effective against V. cholerae include cotrimoxazole, erytromycin, doxycycline, chloramphenicol, and furazolidone.

Rapid diagnostic assay methods are available for the identification of multi-drug resistant V. cholerae. New generation antimicrobials have been discovered which are effective against V. cholerae in in vitro studies.

The success of treatment is significantly affected by the speed and method of treatment. If cholera patients are treated quickly and properly, the mortality rate is less than 1%; however, with untreated cholera, the mortality rate rises to 50–60%.

97. What are the ways of transmission of cholera to people? Transmission to humans occurs through eating food or drinking water contaminated with Vibrio cholerae from other cholera patients. The major reservoir for cholera was long assumed to be humans themselves, but considerable evidence exists that aquatic environments can serve as reservoirs of the bacteria. A healthy person's blood pressure may drop to hypotensive levels within an hour of the onset of symptoms; infected patients may die within three hours if medical treatment is not provided. In a common scenario, the disease progresses from the first liquid stool to shock in 4 to 12 hours, with death following in 18 hours to several days, unless oral rehydration therapy (or, in more serious cases, intravenous) is provided.

98. What are the measures of prevention of cholera? Eliminating food and shelter for rodents in and around homes, work places, and recreation areas by making buildings rodent-proof, and by removing brush, rock piles, junk, and food sources (such as pet food), from properties.

Surveillance for plague activity in rodent populations by public health workers or by citizens reporting rodents found sick or dead to local health departments.

Use of appropriate and licensed insecticides to kill fleas during wild animal plague outbreaks to reduce the risk to humans.

Treatment of pets (dogs and cats) for flea control once each week.

Sterilization: Proper disposal and treatment of infected fecal waste water produced by cholera victims and all contaminated materials (e.g. clothing, bedding, etc) is essential. All materials that come in contact with cholera patients should be sterilized by washing in hot water using chlorine bleach if possible.

Sewage: anti-bacterial treatment of general sewage by chlorine, ozone, ultra-violet light or other effective treatment before it enters the waterways or underground water supplies helps prevent undiagnosed patients from inadvertently spreading the disease.

Sources: Warnings about possible cholera contamination should be posted around contaminated water sources with directions on how to decontaminate the water (boiling, chlorination etc.) for possible use.

Water purification: All water used for drinking, washing, or cooking should be sterilized by either boiling, chlorination, ozone water treatment, ultra-violet light sterilization, or anti-microbial filtration in any area where cholera may be present.

99. What are the measures used to treat AIDS/HIV? There is currently no publicly available vaccine for HIV or cure for HIV or AIDS. The only known methods of prevention are based on avoiding exposure to the virus or, failing that, an antiretroviral treatment directly after a highly significant exposure, called post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP). PEP has a very demanding four week schedule of dosage. It also has very unpleasant side effects including diarrhea, malaise, nausea and fatigue.

100. How isTB infection classified at a sign of a positive reaction and no disease according to the clinical classification system?

The current clinical classification system for tuberculosis (TB) is based on the pathogenesis of the disease

Classification System for TB
Class	Type	Description
0	No TB exposure Not infected	No history of exposure Negative reaction to tuberculin skin test
1	TB exposure No evidence of infection	History of exposure Negative reaction to tuberculin skin test
2	TB infection No disease	Positive reaction to tuberculin skin test Negative bacteriologic studies (if done) No clinical, bacteriologic, or radiographic evidence of TB

TB, clinically active			M. tuberculosis cultured (if done) Clinical, bacteriologic, or radiographic evidence of current disease
4	TB Not clinically active	History of episode(s) of TB or Abnormal but stable radiographic findings Positive reaction to the tuberculin skin test Negative bacteriologic studies (if done) and No clinical or radiographic evidence of current disease
5	TB suspect	Diagnosis pending TB disease should be ruled in or out within 3 months

101. What are the ways of TB treatment? Tuberculosis, or "consumption" as it was commonly known, caused the most widespread public concern in the 19th and early 20th centuries as an endemic disease of the urban poor. In the 20th century, tuberculosis killed an estimated 100 million people. In Europe, deaths from TB fell from 500 out of 100,000 in 1850 to 50 out of 100,000 by 1950. Improvements in public health were reducing tuberculosis even before the arrival of antibiotics.

It was not until 1946 with the development of the antibiotic streptomycin that effective treatment and cure became possible. The emergence of multidrug-resistant TB has again introduced surgery as part of the treatment for these infections. Here, surgical removal of chest cavities will reduce the number of bacteria in the lungs, as well as increasing the exposure of the remaining bacteria to drugs in the bloodstream to increase the effectiveness of the chemotherapy.

102. What are the main causes of danger according to the axioms about the potential dangers of man-made factors? Technological hazards exist if the daily flow of matter, energy and information exceeds the threshold. -- Protection against man-made hazards is achieved by improving the sources of hazards, increase in the distance, and by the use of protective means.

Of particular interest is the information and energy aspects of the problem. The flow of energy consumed by biota of the Earth – 1036 bit / sec (bps), the power of the human economy is equivalent to the flow of information – 1035 bit / sec. The totality of the world's computers is 1016 bit / sec. Man is able to absorb about 100 bps. Thus, all mankind is able to absorb only 6 * 1011 bit / sec. In other words, humanity can no longer manage all the set up of power capacity. The bigger and more powerful is the technical system, the greater is the gap between information, which is operated by the staff and really necessary for control. Hence the accidents are unavoidable.

Another cause of accidents lies in the amortization of aggregates and any technical systems. For example, in Russia, the amortization of main assets is 70%, which objectively leads to an increase in accidents.

Theoretically, the impact of harmful man-made factors can be eliminated completely or restricted to an acceptable risk by improving the sources of hazards and by the use of protective properties. In all cases, the manifestation of dangerous sources of the technosphere is emissions, discharges, waste, energy fields and radiation. The identity of sources of exposure in all areas of the technosphere allows create common approaches and solutions.

103. What are four levels of environmental pollution according to the standards for maximum permissible concentration of harmful substances? Classification of standards for MPC of harmful substances in the RK take into account four levels of environmental pollution: (1) - the lack of influence, (2) irritation, (3) chronic illness, (4) acute illness. These levels are designed by the World Health Organization (WHO).

104. What is referred to as quality standard of harmful substances in the environment, with constant exposure over a certain period of time and virtually no influence on human health? MPC - quality standard of harmful substances in the environment, with constant exposure over a certain period of time and virtually no influence on human health.

105. What is referred to as “scientific - technical specification determined from the conditions that the content of pollutants in the surface layer of air from the source does not exceed the standard of air quality”? MPE - scientific

106. What is referred to as “maximum norm for agrochemicals in agriculture and forestry determined with regard to pesticides, mineral fertilizers, chemical protection and stimulates plant growth”? The maximum permissible levels (MPL) of chemical use in agriculture

107. Which of these hazards are classified into hazardous substances?